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891.
892.
893.
Let G be a finite group. Let p(G) denote the minimal degree of a faithful permutation representation ofG and let q(G) and c(G) denote the minimal degree of a faithful representation of G by quasi-permutation matrices over the rational and the complex numbers, respectively. Finally r(G) denotes the minimal degree of a faithful rational valued complex character of G. The purpose of this paper is to calculate p(G), q(G), c(G) and r(G) for the group SP(4,q).
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
894.
E.R. Berger M. Diehl B. Pire 《The European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields》2002,23(4):675-689
We investigate the exclusive photoproduction of a heavy timelike photon which decays into a lepton pair, . This can be seen as the analog of deeply virtual Compton scattering, and we argue that the two processes are complementary
for studying generalized parton distributions in the nucleon. In an unpolarized experiment the angular distribution of the
leptons readily provides access to the real part of the Compton amplitude. We estimate the possible size of this effect in
kinematics where the Compton process should be dominated by quark exchange.
Received: 9 October 2001 / Published online: 5 April 2002 相似文献
895.
M. Abdel-Aty M. R. B. Wahiddin A.-S. F. Obada 《International Journal of Theoretical Physics》2007,46(4):972-983
We derive an explicit formula for the quantum mutual entropy as a measure of the total correlations in a multi-level atom
interacting with a cavity field. We describe its theoretical basis and discuss its practical relevance. The effect of the
number of levels involved on the quantum mutual entropy is demonstrated via examples of three-, four- and five-level atom.
Numerical calculations under current experimental conditions are performed and it is found that the number of levels present
changes the general features of the correlations dramatically.
PACS numbers: 32.80.−t, 42.50.Ct, 03.65.Ud, 03.65.Yz. 相似文献
896.
897.
R.J. Pinnington 《Journal of sound and vibration》2003,268(2):361-384
In this paper the impact of a line of adjacent structures, or oscillators, is studied using an energy formulation. The energy exchange and dissipation from a collision of a pair of oscillators is studied by creating an equivalent oscillator pair, one has the energy of the in-phase motion and the other has the out-of-phase energy. It is found that the energy exchange between colliding oscillators is proportional to the initial kinetic energy difference of the oscillators and that work in the collision is proportional to the out-of-phase energy or difference energy. The kinetic energy at contact is then related to the mean oscillator energy, permitting a power balance equation to be written for each oscillator in line. The power balance equations have three independent variables for each pair of oscillators: the oscillator time averaged energies and the phase difference. This equation is run in a time-stepping procedure, with steps at the mean collision rate. The work in the collisions and internal oscillator dissipation is output as a function of time. A parameter study is conducted to see how the work changes with oscillator: separation, contact stiffness and contact damping. 相似文献
898.
A Network Simulation of High-congestion Road-traffic Flows in Cities with Marine Container Terminals
James A. Pope Terry R. Rakes Loren Paul Rees Ingrid W. M. Crouch 《The Journal of the Operational Research Society》1995,46(9):1090-1101
Port cities where marine cargo terminals are located are generally near urban areas characterized by high-congestion road traffic. Changes in cargo traffic volumes into a marine terminal, or in the surrounding traffic arteries, which carry this traffic, can significantly affect the terminal's operations. Conversely, activity at the terminal can have an impact on the traffic levels and congestion for a considerable distance from the terminal. This paper demonstrates a methodology useful for studying the impact of road traffic flows on marine container terminals located in highly congested areas. This model was developed at the request of the Virginia Center for World Trade and was used to answer three planning questions in the port of Hampton Roads, Virginia, USA-what would be the impact of: opening a new section of interstate highway, a projected doubling of container traffic at one terminal, and a daily unit train in the vicinity of another terminal. The problem was made more challenging by limited data-collection funds. None the less, the model was deemed valid by a panel of traffic experts and officials from several major state and private agencies involved in marine traffic management. The model results were subsequently a factor in two major decisions related to terminal management. 相似文献
899.
In a previous paper we gave a new formulation and derived the Euler equations and other necessary conditions to solve strong, pathwise, stochastic variational problems with trajectories driven by Brownian motion. Thus, unlike current methods which minimize the control over deterministic functionals (the expected value), we find the control which gives the critical point solution of random functionals of a Brownian path and then, if we choose, find the expected value.This increase in information is balanced by the fact that our methods are anticipative while current methods are not. However, our methods are more directly connected to the theory and meaningful examples of deterministic variational theory and provide better means of solution for free and constrained problems. In addition, examples indicate that there are methods to obtain nonanticipative solutions from our equations although the anticipative optimal cost function has smaller expected value.In this paper we give new, efficient numerical methods to find the solution of these problems in the quadratic case. Of interest is that our numerical solution has a maximal, a priori, pointwise error of O(h3/2) where h is the node size. We believe our results are unique for any theory of stochastic control and that our methods of proof involve new and sophisticated ideas for strong solutions which extend previous deterministic results by the first author where the error was O(h2).We note that, although our solutions are given in terms of stochastic differential equations, we are not using the now standard numerical methods for stochastic differential equations. Instead we find an approximation to the critical point solution of the variational problem using relations derived from setting to zero the directional derivative of the cost functional in the direction of simple test functions.Our results are even more significant than they first appear because we can reformulate stochastic control problems or constrained calculus of variations problems in the unconstrained, stochastic calculus of variations formulation of this paper. This will allow us to find efficient and accurate numerical solutions for general constrained, stochastic optimization problems. This is not yet being done, even in the deterministic case, except by the first author. 相似文献
900.
Charles W. Wolgemuth Raymond E. Goldstein Thomas R. Powers 《Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena》2004,190(3-4):266-289
Certain bacteria form filamentous colonies when the cells fail to separate after dividing. In Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thermus, and Cyanobacteria, the filaments can wrap into complex supercoiled structures as the cells grow. The structures may be solenoids or plectonemes, with or without branches in the latter case. Any microscopic theory of these morphological instabilities must address the nature of pattern selection in the presence of growth, for growth renders the problem nonautonomous and the bifurcations dynamic. To gain insight into these phenomena, we formulate a general theory for growing elastic filaments with bending and twisting resistance in a viscous medium, and study an illustrative model problem: a growing filament with preferred twist, closed into a loop. Growth depletes the twist, inducing a twist strain. The closure of the loop prevents the filament from unwinding back to the preferred twist; instead, twist relaxation is accomplished by the formation of supercoils. Growth also produces viscous stresses on the filament which even in the absence of twist produce buckling instabilities. Our linear stability analysis and numerical studies reveal two dynamic regimes. For small intrinsic twist the instability is akin to Euler buckling, leading to solenoidal structures, while for large twist it is like the classic writhing of a twisted filament, producing plectonemic windings. This model may apply to situations in which supercoils form only, or more readily, when axial rotation of filaments is blocked. Applications to specific biological systems are proposed. 相似文献