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71.
Paper is one of the most important materials in cultural heritage given its extensive use as the data carrier for religious, artistic and scientific records. For both aesthetic and conservation reasons, cleaning of these materials is often needed. Current paper cleaning methods using conventional means are not always sufficient, e.g. for the local cleaning of paper in the vicinity of sensitive media. In this respect a ns-pulse laser provides a valuable tool for solving difficult cleaning problems. The influence of various laser wavelengths (355 nm, 532 nm, and 1064 nm) and the ageing status of modern paper test systems were studied. Colorimetric measurements, the determination of the average molecular mass of cellulose, and chemiluminescence analysis proved to be useful for the characterization of the laser-treated paper. Treatment with green laser light at =532 nm below the paper ablation threshold fluence gave the most promising results on pure papers, with no discolouration and no other visible alteration, nor detectable chemical changes. PACS 06.60.J; 78.60.Ps; 81.65.Cf  相似文献   
72.
1-Alkynylboronates form five-membered zirconacycles with Cp(2)ZrCl(2)/2-EtMgBr as indicated by deuterium labeling. The zirconacycles add aldehydes to form seven-membered zirconacycles. Hydrolysis of the latter provides 5-hydroxy-1-alkenylboronates in fair to good isolated yields. Both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes undergo insertion.  相似文献   
73.
Journal of Statistical Physics - Using mathematical statistical mechanics methods, this paper shows that decisions to heavily promote entrepreneurship beyond a certain threshold in a society would...  相似文献   
74.
Recent studies on the physical properties of Ca3Co2O6 nanometric samples have shown that their properties are significantly different from those of the bulk samples. The origin of this change is not trivial. We have carried out optical measurements on Ca3Co2O6 thin films with different thicknesses in order to characterize their electronic structure using optical spectroscopy measurements. The absorption spectra show a dependence on the film thickness that is correlated to the grain size in the polycrystalline layers. We found that the optical band gap increases from 1.3 to 1.55 eV when the thickness changes from 35 to 100 nm. The change in the band gap evolution with the film thickness is discussed in terms of both the amorphous effect and the grain size in the Ca3Co2O6 thin films. Finally, we show that these results are consistent with recent measurements concerning magnetic and electrical properties of Ca3Co2O6 nanometric samples.  相似文献   
75.
76.
The kinetics of hydrolysis of Cu(II)-salicylamide complex have been studied in sodium hydroxide solution (0.5 to 2.5M). The observed pseudo-first-order rate constants vary according to the empirical equation 1/??obs = B1 + B2/[ōH] up to 2.0 M sodium hydroxide concentration. The mechanism of base-catalyzed hydrolysis has been proposed and it is concluded that the reaction proceeds by the interaction of complex with the nucleophile, forming tetrahedral intermediate which then breaks down to products. The rate equation has been derived. Thermodynamic parameters have also been reported.  相似文献   
77.
A combination of ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and click chemistry approach is first time utilized in the preparation of 3‐miktoarm star terpolymer. The bromide end‐functionality of monotelechelic poly(N‐butyl oxanorbornene imide) (PNBONI‐Br) is first transformed to azide and then reacted with polystyrene‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer with alkyne at the junction point (PS‐b‐PMMA‐alkyne) via click chemistry strategy, producing PS‐PMMA‐PNBONI 3‐miktoarm star terpolymer. PNBONI‐Br was prepared by ROMP of N‐butyl oxanorbornene imide (NBONI) 1 in the presence of (Z)‐but‐2‐ene‐1,4‐diyl bis(2‐bromopropanoate) 2 as terminating agent. PS‐b‐PMMA‐alkyne copolymer was prepared successively via nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (NMP) of St and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of MMA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 497–504, 2009  相似文献   
78.
A new synthesis of benzo[h]pyrimidino[1,2-c]pyridazinones via coupling diazotised anthranilic acid with 1-phenylethylidenemalononitrile ( 1 ) is reported. Synthesis of new 1-antipyrin-4-yl and 1-pyrazol-5-ylpyridazine derivatives utilizing 1 as starting material is also described.  相似文献   
79.
The reaction of 6-chloro-1-hexynylphosphonate with primary and secondary amines afforded exclusively 2-aminocyclohexenylphosphonates in 62-85% isolated yields. In contrast, reaction of various amines with isobutyl 7-chlorohept-2-ynoate in acetonitrile at 70 °C gave (E)-sec-butyl 2-(1-alkylpiperidin-2-ylidene)acetates in 65-78% isolated yields. Calculations offer an explanation for the difference in the behavior of the two compounds classes. It is shown that C-C cyclization in the alkyne-phosphonate group occurs via an initial formation of a zwitterionic intermediate, which is stabilized by both an inductive effect of the phosphonate group and a newly formed hydrogen bond. The alkyne-carboxylate group, on the other hand, proceeds via enamine formation as a result of the smaller inductive effect of the carboxylate combined with involvement of an allene-like resonance form. This resonance form both delocalizes the negative charge in the zwitterionic intermediate making it to be less available for attack, and affects the geometry thus preventing formation of the stabilizing hydrogen bond. Hence, the zwitterionic intermediate of the alkyne-carboxylates is less stable leading to formation of an enamine, which is followed by N-C cyclization to give the azaheterocycles.  相似文献   
80.
The effects of heat-treatment and ultraviolet (UV) light at 325 nm on virgin and hydrogen loaded germanosilicate optical fibers have been investigated by using laser spectroscopy technique. The luminescence band around 650 nm is sensitive to heat treatment. The hydrogen reloading of the hydrogen loaded fibers subsequent to heat treatment showed a new emission band around 570 nm. The irradiated fibers have an emission band around 383 nm which was not detected in hydrogen loaded fibers.  相似文献   
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