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41.
Noise estimation is a challenging task in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with applications in quality assessment, filtering or diffusion tensor estimation. Main noise estimators based on the Rician model are revisited and classified in this article, and new useful methods are proposed. Additionally, all the surveyed estimators are extended to the noncentral chi model, which applies to multiple-coil MRI and some important parallel imaging algorithms for accelerated acquisitions. The proposed new noise estimation procedures, based on the distribution of local moments, show better performance in terms of smaller variance and unbiased estimation over a wide range of experiments, with the additional advantage of not needing to explicitly segment the background of the image. 相似文献
42.
Pattern formation and self-organization are phenomena that occur across the board, in animate and inanimate systems. In this paper, we rely on the constructal law to explain the generation of patterns (shapes, structures) in aggregates of organisms-pedestrian crowds and stony corals. In pedestrian crowds a variety of patterns are often observed, from ‘chaotic’ appearances to spontaneous organization in lanes of uniform walking direction. Stony corals and other organisms also present intraspecific variability in shape. We show that flow systems develop in time patterns which provide easier access to the nutrients and space, within a set of constraints imposed by each situation. Flow systems have the freedom to morph their shape in search for architectures that allows them to have greater access to the space that they inhabit. We identify the mechanisms allowing pedestrians to evolve in space and time. We also show that stony corals may develop branched or spherical shapes, depending on which shape performs best in response to the environmental conditions. The constructal law allows systems with complex internal flows to be described and understood for a unified view. 相似文献
43.
Experimental Study of Natural Convection from Electrically Heated Vertical Cylinders Immersed in Air
Abstract An experimental study of laminar steady-state natural convection heat transfer from electrically heated vertical cylinders immersed in air has been undertaken. Three stainless steel (316 SS) test sections of different slenderness ratios were employed. Surface temperature profiles along the vertical cylinders were obtained using miniature thermocouples when the cylinders were heated with different power levels resulting in different total wall heat fluxes. After the mandatory corrections for the radiation heat fluxes were made, three correlation equations relating the local Nusselt number Nuy with the local modified Rayleigh number Ra* y and the position-to-cylinder diameter y/d were developed. The correlation equations are valid for Ra* y ≤ 2 × 1012. 相似文献
44.
45.
High pressure processing (HPP) has been shown to reduce microbial concentration in foods. The mechanisms of microbial inactivation by HPP have been associated with damage to cell membranes. The real-time response of bacteria to HPP was measured to elucidate the mechanisms of inactivation, which can aid in designing more effective processes. Different pressure cycling conditions were used to expose Enterobacter aerogenes cells to HPP. Propidium iodide (PI) was used as a probe, which fluoresces after penetrating cells with damaged membranes and binding with nucleic acids. A HPP vessel with sapphire windows was used for measuring fluorescence in situ. Membrane damage was detected during pressurization and hold time, but not during depressurization. The drop in fluorescence was larger than expected after pressure cycles at higher pressure and longer times. This indicated possible reversible disassociation of ribosomes resulting in additional binding of PI to exposed RNA under pressure and its release after depressurization. 相似文献
46.
Maria Luisa Dalla Chiara Roberto Giuntini Antonio Ledda Roberto Leporini Giuseppe Sergioli 《Foundations of Physics》2010,40(9-10):1494-1518
The characteristic holistic features of the quantum theoretic formalism and the intriguing notion of entanglement can be applied to a field that is far from microphysics: logical semantics. Quantum computational logics are new forms of quantum logic that have been suggested by the theory of quantum logical gates in quantum computation. In the standard semantics of these logics, sentences denote quantum information quantities: systems of qubits (quregisters) or, more generally, mixtures of quregisters (qumixes), while logical connectives are interpreted as special quantum logical gates (which have a characteristic reversible and dynamic behavior). In this framework, states of knowledge may be entangled, in such a way that our information about the whole determines our information about the parts; and the procedure cannot be, generally, inverted. In spite of its appealing properties, the standard version of the quantum computational semantics is strongly “Hilbert-space dependent”. This certainly represents a shortcoming for all applications, where real and complex numbers do not generally play any significant role (as happens, for instance, in the case of natural and of artistic languages). We propose an abstract version of quantum computational semantics, where abstract qumixes, quregisters and registers are identified with some special objects (not necessarily living in a Hilbert space), while gates are reversible functions that transform qumixes into qumixes. In this framework, one can give an abstract definition of the notions of superposition and of entangled pieces of information, quite independently of any numerical values. We investigate three different forms of abstract holistic quantum computational logic. 相似文献
47.
Emanuela Formaggio Silvia Francesca Storti Roberto Cerini Antonio Fiaschi Paolo Manganotti 《Magnetic resonance imaging》2010
The purpose of the present work was to investigate the correlation between topographical changes in brain oscillatory activity and the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal during a motor imagery (MI) task using electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) coregistration. 相似文献
48.
Rosa IL Filho PC Neri CR Serra OA de Figueiredo AT Varela JA Longo E 《Journal of fluorescence》2011,21(4):1575-1583
This work reports on the synthesis and characterization of a new complex of Eu3+ with the 3-hydroxypicolinamide ligand (Hhpa). Here we present an approach for obtaining bis[2-carbamoyl(κO)pyridin-3-olato(κO’)]
lanthanide complexes, which were characterized through elemental analysis, thermal analysis, infrared and photoluminescence
spectroscopies (emission, excitation, luminescence lifetimes, quantum efficiencies, Judd-Ofelt parameters and quantum yields).
Although hpa can act as a bidentate ligand in different conformations, the results attest for the occurrence of a unique coordination
site of low symmetry for the Eu3+ ions, in which two anionic hpa ligands coordinate the cations through an O/O chelating system. The phosphorescence of the
synthesized gadolinium complex provides the energy of the triplet state, which is determined to be at 20,830 cm-1 over the ground state. This makes the Hhpa ligand very adequate for sensitizing the Eu3+ luminescence, which leads to a very efficient antenna effect and opens a wide range of applications for the complex in light
emitting organic-inorganic devices. 相似文献
49.
Dolgaleva K Malacarne A Tannouri P Fernandes LA Grenier JR Aitchison JS Azaña J Morandotti R Herman PR Marques PV 《Optics letters》2011,36(22):4416-4418
We experimentally demonstrate the first integrated temporal Fourier transformer based on a linearly chirped Bragg grating waveguide written in silica glass with a femtosecond laser. The operation is based on mapping the energy spectrum of the input optical signal to the output temporal waveform by making use of first-order chromatic dispersion. The device operates in reflection, has a bandwidth of 10 nm, and can be used for incident temporal waveforms as long as 20 ps. Experimental results, obtained through both temporal oscilloscope traces and Fourier transform spectral interferometry, display a successful Fourier transformation of in-phase and out-of-phase pairs of input optical pulses, and demonstrate the correct functionality of the device for both amplitude and phase of the temporal output. 相似文献
50.
We present a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy study of the alpha-Sn/Si(111) surface that demonstrates the fluctuating behavior of the Sn adatoms. The dynamical fluctuation model, successfully applied in describing the alpha-Sn/Ge(111) surface, is proposed for the related alpha-Sn/Si(111) surface too, although with a much lower transition temperature. In addition, a new phenomenon appears responsible for the unexpected evidence that the average oscillation frequency remains constant at temperatures lower than 15 K, in contradiction to the Arrhenius law. We explain this phenomenon as quantum tunneling of Sn adatoms. 相似文献