全文获取类型
收费全文 | 85231篇 |
免费 | 550篇 |
国内免费 | 435篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 29094篇 |
晶体学 | 822篇 |
力学 | 6953篇 |
数学 | 33346篇 |
物理学 | 16001篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 51篇 |
2022年 | 170篇 |
2021年 | 189篇 |
2020年 | 155篇 |
2019年 | 163篇 |
2018年 | 10510篇 |
2017年 | 10314篇 |
2016年 | 6296篇 |
2015年 | 1062篇 |
2014年 | 518篇 |
2013年 | 739篇 |
2012年 | 4253篇 |
2011年 | 10980篇 |
2010年 | 5943篇 |
2009年 | 6344篇 |
2008年 | 7041篇 |
2007年 | 9160篇 |
2006年 | 682篇 |
2005年 | 1687篇 |
2004年 | 1854篇 |
2003年 | 2223篇 |
2002年 | 1288篇 |
2001年 | 340篇 |
2000年 | 357篇 |
1999年 | 216篇 |
1998年 | 266篇 |
1997年 | 230篇 |
1996年 | 291篇 |
1995年 | 172篇 |
1994年 | 153篇 |
1993年 | 147篇 |
1992年 | 108篇 |
1991年 | 105篇 |
1990年 | 102篇 |
1989年 | 106篇 |
1988年 | 97篇 |
1987年 | 101篇 |
1986年 | 87篇 |
1985年 | 93篇 |
1984年 | 106篇 |
1983年 | 77篇 |
1982年 | 87篇 |
1981年 | 71篇 |
1980年 | 86篇 |
1979年 | 73篇 |
1978年 | 65篇 |
1977年 | 47篇 |
1914年 | 46篇 |
1909年 | 41篇 |
1908年 | 40篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
In 1987 the Canadian Department of National Defence enunciated the Total Force concept. The Total Force is comprised of Regular and Reserve components. The intention is to make maximum use of the Reserve to reduce defence expenditures and at the same time to ensure that military capability remains adequate to support national policy objectives. This paper discusses some of the governing parameters that affect the modelling of the composition of the Total Force and analyses the mix of regular and reserve forces. The interplay between the key factors and their marginal costs will be stressed. The models are employed to study two units in the Canadian Forces, a maintenance support unit and a tactical unit with high operational activity cost. The lessons drawn from these studies are highlighted. 相似文献
42.
The phase diagram of the nematic mesophase present in the tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide/sodium bromide/water ternary system was determined. A calamitic nematic mesophase (NC) was observed which extends to very high concentrations of electrolyte. The order parameters of the surfactant head group in the mesophases were studied by the NMR quadrupolar splitting of the deuterated surfactant. On increasing the temperature of nematic mesophases with low electrolyte concentrations, a phase separation occurs with the formation of a more highly ordered hexagonal phase and an isotropic phase. Diffusion measurements of the isotropic micellar solution by the NMR PFG method were used to estimate hydrodynamic radii at low surfactant concentrations and to study micelle diffusion as the concentration of the surfactant was increased to the liquid crystalline region. At higher surfactant concentrations, the diffusion coefficient reached a limiting value. The calamitic nematic mesophase in this surfactant/electrolyte/water system appears to be formed by long wormlike micelles. 相似文献
43.
44.
Lourdes Callau Marta Giamberini Jos Antonio Reina Ana Mantecn 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2006,44(6):1877-1889
The synthesis of two vinyl‐terminated side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polyethers containing benzylideneaniline moieties as mesogenic cores was approached in two different ways: by chemically modifying poly(epichlorohydrin) with suitable mesogenic acids or by polymerizing analogous glycidyl ester or glycidyl ether derivatives. In all the conditions tested, the first approach led to materials in which the imine group was hydrolyzed. The second approach led to the desired polymers PG2a and PG2b , but only from the glycidyl ether derivatives and when the initiator was the system that combined polyiminophosphazene base t‐Bu‐P4 and 3,5‐di‐t‐butylphenol. These polymers were chemically characterized by IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The estimated degrees of polymerization ranged from 30 to 36. The liquid crystalline behavior of the synthesized polymers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X‐ray diffraction. Both polymers behave like liquid crystals and exhibited a single mesophase, which was recognized as a smectic C mesophase, probably with a bilayer arrangement, i.e., a smectic C2 mesophase. The crosslinking of both polymers was performed with dicumyl peroxide as initiator, which led to liquid crystalline thermosets. POM and X‐ray diffraction confirmed that the mesophase organization mantained on the crosslinked materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1877–1889, 2006 相似文献
45.
Abraham Mehrez Zilla Sinuany-Stern Alan Stulman 《The Journal of the Operational Research Society》1986,37(10):971-977
In this note, we examine the algorithm of Drezner and Wesolowsky for locating a facility with maximin rectilinear distance to a given set of demand points. The concept of the closest-point constraint is introduced as a technique for increasing the efficiency of the algorithm. This potential increase in efficiency is demonstrated by an example. 相似文献
46.
Let X be a nonsingular complex projective surface and let D be an ample divisor on X such that the associated invertible sheaf is spanned by its global sections. We prove that D is 2-connected apart from a few cases we explicitly describe. We also provide a corresponding result for the 3-connectedness when D210 and for the 4-connectedness when D217 and D is very ample. 相似文献
47.
Luigi Antonio Rosati 《Geometriae Dedicata》1987,24(3):261-267
Summary Let G be a sharply 3-transitive permutation set on a finite set E of even cardinality and let 1 be in G. The following theorems are proved.
G is one of the known examples if and only if there exists a non-identity normal subgroup N of G and an element of E such that NG
G.G is a group if and only if G for every G and for every G and for every G
.By using the classification of finite single groups a result concerning sharply k-transitive permutation sets k>3 is also proved.
Dedicato a Guido Zappa in occasione del suo 70° compleanno
Lavoro eseguito nell'ambito dei progetti finanziati dal Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione. 相似文献
Dedicato a Guido Zappa in occasione del suo 70° compleanno
Lavoro eseguito nell'ambito dei progetti finanziati dal Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione. 相似文献
48.
Chiang MH Antonio MR Soderholm L 《Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)》2004,(21):3562-3567
The ground state electronic properties of metal-exchanged Preyssler heteropolyoxoanions [M(n+)P(5)W(30)O(110)](n-15), in which the encapsulated M(n+) ions are the spherical, diamagnetic ions Na(+), Ca(2+), Sr(2+), Y(3+), La(3+) and Th(4+), are studied using a combination of electrochemical, optical, and NMR experiments. We have designed experiments that focus on the influence of the charge (n) of the encapsulated cations, which themselves have no redox response, and its effect upon the W-O framework MOs. As n increases, the cluster anions accept electrons into their LUMOs with increasing ease, and their lowest-energy LMCT bands reveal a corresponding blue shift, which is indicative of an increase of the LUMO-HOMO energy splitting with increasing n. (183)W NMR spectra are used to identify the atomic origin of the LUMO states, which are shown to be composed primarily of orbitals from the ring of 5 W atoms near M(n+). The cation charge correlates directly and linearly with the half-wave potentials of the first redox couples, the LMCT band energies, and the W chemical shifts. We have combined this suite of experimental results to construct an energy level diagram of the frontier MOs for the Preyssler cluster anions. In so doing, we provide a fundamental perspective that is not otherwise available on the cation's role with specific regard to the electronic behavior of the W-O orbitals. These results are expected to provide benchmarking information as theorists begin to study these large POM systems. 相似文献
49.
Oleg V. Mikhailov Marina A. Kazymova Tatyana A. Shumilova Galina A. Chmutova Svetlana E. Solovieva 《Transition Metal Chemistry》2005,30(3):299-304
The complexing process proceeding in the NiII–thiocarbohydrazide (H2N–H–NC(=S)–NH–NH2)–propanone triple system in EtOH solution and nickel(II)hexacyanoferrate(II) gelatin-immobilized matrix has been studied. It has been found that in the first case, template synthesis leading, as a minimum, to formation of three coordination compounds of NiII with (N,N,S,S)-donor tetradentate ligands having NiL1, NiL2 and NiL3compositions where L1 is 4,6,6-trimethyl-2,3,7,8-tetraazanonen-3-di(thiohydrazide)-1,9, L2 is 4,6,6,12-tetrametyl-1,9-dithio-2,3,7,8,10,11-hexaazatridekadien-3,11-hydrazide-1 and L3 is 2,8,10,10,16-pentamethyl-5,13-dithio-3,4,6,7,11,12,14,15-octaazaheptadekatrien-2,7,15 is observed, whereas in the gelatin-immobilized matrix, a complexing process in the system considered does not occur. 相似文献
50.
The mass spectra of fifteen 1,2-benzisothiazoles are reported; their fragmentation patterns have been investigated by labelling experiments, high resolution mass measurements and defocused metastable ion detection. The parent compound of the series, 1,2-benzisothiazole, eliminates HCN after partial inter-ring hydrogen scrambling. The extent of scrambling has been determined for normal daughter ions produced at different electron beam energies and also for metastable daughter ions, and is compared with the data reported for benzothiazole. Some 3-substituted derivatives show unusual fragmentation patterns. The mechanisms of these processes are under further investigation. 相似文献