Salting-out and ionic volume behavior of some tetraalkylammonium salts

Measurements of salting-out of Ar by NH ₄ Br and a series of homologous symmetrical tetraalkylammonium bromides in water are reported and discussed. A new gas-solubility apparatus is used enabling the solubility to be derived from a number of measurements on the same gas-solution sample at various pressures, rather than from a single measurement on each solution. Unexpectedly large salting-out effects are observed which increase with cation size. Electrostatic and nonelectrostatic effects are examined in relation to the ionic-volume behavior in water and methanol as a basis for discussion of the results. The relative electrostrictions of the TAA and Br^? ions in these two solvents are compared. Calculations based on electrostatic and scaled particle theory are compared, and it is concluded that the latter treatment obscures the electrochemical factors of essential interest in solute/solvent distribution about ions in solution.     

In vivo flow cytometer for real-time detection and quantification of circulating cells

An in vivo flow cytometer is developed that allows the real-time detection and quantification of circulating fluorescently labeled cells in live animals. A signal from a cell population of interest is recorded as the cells pass through a slit of light focused across a blood vessel. Confocal detection of the excited fluorescence allows continuous monitoring of labeled cells in the upper layers of scattering tissue, such as the skin. The device is used to characterize the in vivo kinetics of red and white blood cells circulating in the vasculatúre of the mouse ear. Potential applications in biology and medicine are discussed.     

High dimensional integration

Advances in Computational Mathematics -     

Deglycosylation of glucose oxidase to improve biosensors and biofuel cells

We demonstrate that a more efficient redox hydrogel structure can be achieved by engineering the size and the surface charge of the bioelectrocatalyst. Deglycosylated glucose oxidase (GOx) modified electrode exhibits higher current density than native GOx, for the same molar composition of the hydrogel. This improvement is very likely due to a more efficient hydrogel structure rather than a better intrinsic electron transfer between the FAD/FADH₂ redox center and the redox mediator.     

Terror and Counterterror Operations: Differential Game with Cyclical Nash Solution

The purpose of this paper is to study efficient measures to combat terror. To choose efficient actions against terror organizations, the response of terrorists has to be taken into consideration. Thus, an appropriate framework to study the intertemporal strategic interactions of Western governments and terror organizations is dynamic game theory. Using the open-loop Nash solution concept, it turns out that the system may exhibit long-run persistent oscillations. However, transitory behavior is nonunique.