Synthesis and in vitro characterization of semitelechelic poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-trastuzumab conjugates targeted to breast cancer

Trastuzumab (TRZ) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (Her2). Semitelechelic (ST) poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-TRZ conjugates are successfully synthesized and evaluated as a potential drug delivery system that actively targets Her2-overexpressing cancer cells. The ST backbone shows favorable characteristics when conjugated to TRZ. The conjugate exhibits comparable and prolonged anticancer activity when compared to free TRZ in Her2 overexpressing breast cancer cell lines.     

Adiabatic phase variation for optical Gaussons

This paper studies the adiabatic phase variation of optical Gaussons in the presence of perturbation terms. The modified conservation law of phase variation is used to carry out this analysis.     

Singular soliton solution and bifurcation analysis of Klein-Gordon equation with power law nonlinearity

In this paper, the Klein-Gordon equation (KGE) with power law nonlinearity will be considered. The bifurcation analysis as well as the ansatz method of integration will be applied to extract soliton and other wave solutions. In particular, the second approach to integration will lead to a singular soliton solution. However, the bifurcation analysis will reveal several other solutions that are of prime importance in relativistic quantum mechanics where this equation appears.     

Dark optical solitons in power law media with time-dependent coefficients

This Letter talks about the dynamics of dark optical solitons that are governed by the nonlinear Schrödinger's equation with power law nonlinearity. The solitons are considered in presence of linear attenuation, third order dispersion and self-steepening terms, all with time-dependent coefficients. The solitary wave ansatz is used to carry out the integration and an exact soliton solution is obtained. It is only necessary that these time-dependent coefficients are Riemann integrable.     

1-Soliton Solution of 1+2 Dimensional Nonlinear Schrödinger’s Equation in Kerr Law Media

This paper integrates the nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation in 1+2 dimensions with Kerr law nonlinearity. An exact 1-soliton solution is obtained in closed form using the solitary wave ansatz. Finally, the consertved quantities are calculated using this soliton solution.     

Optical soliton perturbation with full nonlinearity by extended trial function method

The extended trial function scheme is applied to retrieve soliton solutions to the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation with ten forms of fiber nonlinearity. Bright, dark and singular soliton solutions are retrieved that appear with their respective existence criteria. Some additional forms of nonlinear waves naturally emerge as a byproduct of the integration scheme.     

Analytic study on interactions between periodic solitons with controllable parameters

Nonlinear Dynamics - Soliton interactions occur when two solitons are close enough. In general, periodic oscillations can be presented during soliton interactions. The periodic oscillations will...     

Some unusual electronic patterns on graphite surface

We report on the observation of some unusual electronic patterns on a graphite surface using scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STM). We attribute these patterns to different types of strain near the surface. One such pattern seen on a particular layer comprises of two-dimensional spatially varying super-lattice and one-dimensional fringes. This pattern is present in a finite region of a layer on the surface confined between two carbon fibers. We attribute this spatially varying super-lattice structure to the shear strain generated in the top layer due to the restraining fibers. We have also developed a model with the Moirè rotation hypothesis that gives us a better insight into such largescale spatially varying patterns. We have been able to model the above-observed pattern. We also report another pattern near a defect, which we attribute to the change in density of states due to the physical buckling of the top graphite layer. Part of this buckled layer is found to be buried under another layer and this region shows a reversed contrast and thus supporting our idea of buckling. We also performed tunneling spectroscopy measurements on various regions of these patterns which show significant variations in the density of states.      

Solitons for perturbed Gerdjikov–Ivanov equation in optical fibers and PCF by extended Kudryashov’s method

This paper reveals bright, dark and singular soliton solutions to the perturbed Gerdjikov–Ivanov equation by the aid of extended Kudryashov’s method. The nonlinear terms appear with full nonlinearity in order to give a generalized flavor to the model. As a byproduct of this scheme, plane waves and singular periodic solutions fall out and these solutions are listed as well.     

Origin of Extraordinary Stability of Square‐Planar Carbon Atoms in Surface Carbides of Cobalt and Nickel

Surface carbides of cobalt and nickel are exceptionally stable, having stabilities competitive with those of graphitic C on these surfaces. The unusual structure of these carbides has attracted much attention: C assumes a tetracoordinate square‐planar arrangement, in‐plane with the metal surface, and its binding favors a spontaneous p4g clock surface reconstruction. A chemical bonding model for these systems is presented and explains the unusual structure, special stability, and the reconstruction. C promotes local two‐dimensional aromaticity on the surface and the aromatic arrangement is so powerful that the required number of electrons is taken from the void M₄ squares, thus leading to Peierls instability. Moreover, this model predicts a series of new transition‐metal and main‐group‐element surface alloys: carbides, borides, and nitrides, which feature high stability, square‐planar coordination, aromaticity, and a predictable degree of surface reconstruction.