Electric field dependence of phase equilibria of binary Stockmayer fluid mixtures

A perturbation theory based study of the effect of an external electric field on the phase equilibrium properties of binary Stockmayer fluids is presented. The dipole–dipole interaction and the applied field are treated as independent perturbations to a Lennard–Jones mixture, and the reference fluid is treated by the van der Waals one-fluid approximation. A third-order free energy expression in the electric field strength is established, and the dielectric constant is calculated for a needle-shaped sample parallel to the field direction. We present and discuss vapour–liquid and liquid–liquid equilibrium curves at a given temperature for some dipolar mixtures exposed to an electric field, including chlorodifluoromethane +?difluoromethane and acetonitrile +?methanol. A sufficiently high electric field may result in massive shifts of vapour pressures and critical or azeotropic points, and can considerably alter the properties of coexisting phases. The vapour pressure decreases with increasing field strength.     

A 119Sn Mössbauer Spectroscopic Investigation of Tin Complexes with Amidines

Several novel tin(IV) adducts of amidines, [SnClPh₃L], [SnCl₂Ph₂L] and [SnBr₄L] {L=N,N-diphenylacetamidine (Hdpac) or N,N-diphenylbenzamidine (Hdpba)}, were prepared and investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy which was an important tool for the elucidation of bonding and structural features. The resulting Mössbauer data also led to the conclusion that the tin(IV) centre for the adduct [SnClPh₃L] is pentacoordinated in a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement and hexacoordinated for [SnCl₂Ph₂L] and [SnBr₄L] in a geometric patterns of an octahedral. The amidines act as monodentate ligands to the metal centre for the former and bidentate for the latter.     

XANES speciation of mercury in three mining districts – Almadén,Asturias (Spain), Idria (Slovenia)

The mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of mercury in the environment strongly depend on the chemical species in which it is present in soil, sediments, water or air. In mining districts, differences in mobility and bioavailability of mercury mainly arise from the different type of mineralization and ore processing. In this work, synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES) has been taken advantage of to study the speciation of mercury in geological samples from three of the largest European mercury mining districts: Almadén (Spain), Idria (Slovenia) and Asturias (Spain). XANES has been complemented with a single extraction protocol for the determination of Hg mobility. Ore, calcines, dump material, soil, sediment and suspended particles from the three sites have been considered in the study. In the three sites, rather insoluble sulfide compounds (cinnabar and metacinnabar) were found to predominate. Minor amounts of more soluble mercury compounds (chlorides and sulfates) were also identified in some samples. Single extraction procedures have put forward a strong dependence of the mobility with the concentration of chlorides and sulfates. Differences in efficiency of roasting furnaces from the three sites have been found.     

Spin Label Studies of the Hemoglobin–Membrane Interaction During Sickle Hemoglobin Polymerization

An enhanced hemoglobin–membrane association has been previously documented in sickle cell anemia. However, it is not known how this interaction is modified during the hemoglobin S polymerization process. In this work, we use a model of reconstituted erythrocytes from ghost membranes whose cytoskeleton proteins had been previously labeled with the 4-maleimido Tempo spin label, and that were subsequently resealed with hemoglobin S or A solutions. Using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we studied the time dependence of the spectral W/S parameter, indicative of the conformational state of cytoskeleton proteins (mainly spectrin) under spontaneous deoxygenation, with the aim of detecting the eventual effects due to hemoglobin S polymerization. The differences observed in the temporal behavior of W/S in erythrocytes reconstituted with both hemoglobins were considered as experimental evidence of an increment in hemoglobin S–membrane interaction as a result of the polymerization process of hemoglobin S under spontaneous deoxygenation.     

Femtosecond laser Fourier transform absorption spectroscopy

A femtosecond mode-locked laser is used for what is believed to be the first time as a broadband infrared source for high-resolution Fourier transform absorption spectroscopy. A demonstration is made with a Cr(4+):YAG laser. The entire nu(1)+nu(3) vibration-rotation band region of acetylene, observed after passing through a single-pass 80-cm-long cell, is simultaneously recorded between 1480 and 1600 nm, in 7.9 s with a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 1000. Two hot bands of the most abundant acetylene isotopologue and the nu(1)+nu(3) band of the (13)C(12)CH(2) are also present. Replacement of the usual conventional tungsten lamp by the bright laser source reduces by about a factor of 150 the recording time needed to get similar results. The noise equivalent absorption coefficient at 1 s averaging is equal to 7x10(-7) cm(-1)Hz(-1/2) per spectral element.     

Yb-doped strictly all-fiber laser actively Q-switched by intermodal acousto-optic modulation

We show an actively Q-switched ytterbium-doped strictly all-fiber laser. Cavity loss modulation is achieved in a tapered optical fiber by core-to-cladding mode-coupling induced by travelling flexural acoustic waves. When the acoustical signal is switched-off, the optical power losses within the cavity are reduced, and then a laser pulse is emitted. Trains of Q-switched pulses were successfully obtained at repetition rates in the range 1–10 kHz, with pump powers between 59 and 88 mW, at the optical wavelength of 1064.1 nm. Best results were for laser pulses of 118 mW peak power, 1.8 μs of time width, with a pump power of 79 mW, at 7 kHz repetition rate.