联萘酚多氢键硫脲催化合成1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物

本文合成了三种具有多氢键的联萘酚轴手性硫脲催化剂,并将其用于催化合成1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物。结果显示,所合成的新型多氢键硫脲均表现出较好的催化作用,能有效地提高1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物的收率和对映选择性。所有新化合物结构均经过¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、IR、熔点等表征所确认。     

不可燃氟代碳酸酯基钠离子电池电解液

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in cellphones, laptops, and electric cars owing to their high energy density and long operational lifetime. However, their further deployment in large-scale energy storage systems is restricted by the uneven distribution of lithium resources (~0.0017% (mass fraction, w) in the Earth's crust). Therefore, alternative energy storage systems composed of abundant elements are of urgent need. Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted significant attention and are considered to be a potential alternative for next-generation batteries owing to abundant sodium resources (~2.64% (w) of the Earth's crust), suitable potential (−2.71 V), and low cost. SIBs are similar to LIBs in terms of their physical and electrochemical properties. Previous studies have mainly focused on SIB storage materials, including hard carbon, alloys, and hexacyanoferrate, while the safety of SIBs remains largely unexplored. Similar to LIBs, the current electrolytes used in SIBs are mainly composed of flammable organic carbonate solvents (or ether solvents), sodium salts, and functional additives, which pose possible safety issues. Moreover, the chemical activity of sodium is much higher than that of lithium, leading to a higher risk of fire, thermal runaway, and explosion. To overcome this problem, herein we propose a fluorinated non-flammable electrolyte composed of 0.9 mol∙L⁻¹ NaPF₆ (sodium hexafluorophosphate) in an intermixture of di-(2, 2, 2 trifluoroethyl) carbonate (TFEC) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in a 7 : 3 ratio by volume. Its physical and electrochemical properties were studied by ionic conductivity, direct ignition, cyclic voltammetry, and charge/discharge measurements, demonstrating excellent flame-retarding ability and outstanding compatibility with sodium electrodes. The electrochemical tests showed that the Prussian blue cathode retained a capacity of 84 mAh∙g⁻¹ over 50 cycles in the prepared electrolyte, in contrast to the rapid capacity degradation in a flammable conventional carbonate electrolyte (74 mAh∙g⁻¹ with 57% capacity retention after 50 cycles). To test the practical application of the proposed electrolyte, a hard carbon anode was used and exhibited exceptional performance in this system. The enhancement mechanism was further verified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning emission microscopy (SEM) investigations. Polycarbonate on the surface of the cathode played an important role for the studied electrolyte system. The polycarbonate may originate from FEC decomposition, which can enhance the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer and reduce impedance. Hence, we believe that this proposed electrolyte may provide new opportunities for the design of robust and safe SIBs for next-generation applications.     

基本舰船结构的辐射屏蔽因子研究

核辐射环境中,舰船、坦克的辐射屏蔽特性关乎着核安全、防护、效应评估以及决策应对等实际应用问题。瞄准舰船的核辐射屏蔽性能开展研究。针对舰船材料及典型结构,采用中子-光子耦合输运方法,定量给出中子源、γ源同时辐照下的辐射屏蔽效能。通过借助大规模并行技术,实现了该深穿透屏蔽问题的高效模拟。该辐照屏蔽研究中考虑了入射中子和γ以及次级γ粒子的综合叠加效应。通过模拟中子和γ分别入射不同厚度、不同材料壳体后的注量、剂量、能谱演化,计算获得了屏蔽体的入射中子、入射γ射线、中子和次级γ及其综合屏蔽因子,给出腔内的屏蔽因子分布规律,材料包括Fe、Al、Pb、船体材料HSLA100钢等,辐射源包括单能中子、单能γ以及核泄漏中子谱和γ谱。研究成果将为船体、坦克等的辐射防护性能的深入分析奠定基础,为核辐射效应评估、应急处理等提供理论支撑。     

条带式太阳帆的结构动力学分析

依靠光压推进,太阳帆被认为是最可行的星际探测航天器,太阳帆结构总体方案主要有两类：桅杆式和旋转式,其中,帆膜被分割成窄条的条带式太阳帆在桅杆式太阳帆中具有较为理想的结构效率,如何准确计算条带式太阳帆的结构动力学特性值得研究.本文对条带式太阳帆结构的振动特性和结构稳定性进行研究,将太阳帆看作是由若干个桅杆-膜带组件依次连接而成的整体结构,桅杆-膜带组件由4根桅杆段和4条薄膜条带组成,分段轴压作用下的桅杆与薄膜条带耦合振动.考虑帆面薄膜条带与支撑桅杆之间的耦合振动,采用分布传递函数法建立了的条带式太阳帆的结构动力学模型,推导了条带式太阳帆结构自由振动和失稳载荷的求解方法.研究表明：条带式太阳帆构型有利于提高太阳帆结构的整体刚度和结构稳定性,随着帆面薄膜条带数目的增加,太阳帆结构的振动频率和失稳载荷增大;随着帆面薄膜预应力的增大,太阳帆结构振动的基频减小,稳定性变差;随着支撑桅杆刚度的提高,太阳帆结构整体的振动频率和失稳载荷增大.本文建立的解析求解方法具有求解效率快和精度高的特点,为条带式太阳帆的结构设计和姿态控制提供了有力的分析工具.