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151.
Previous studies of behavior and IC single units in the mouse support theoretical expectations that gaps with ramped trailing markers have reduced detectability compared to equivalent gaps with ramped leading markers. In experiment 1, detection probability and response speeds of humans listening for gaps in broadband noise were investigated by independently varying either leading marker fall-time (FT) or trailing marker rise-time (RT). Gaps with silent duration of 1, 4, or 12 ms were presented 2 s into a 3-s noise burst, with either abrupt marker onsets and offsets or linearly ramped RT/FT of 2, 4, or 8 ms durations. Addition of a nonzero RT or FT to the gap silent period increased detectability and also increased reaction speed on trials with "Yes" response, but there was no difference in detectability or response speeds between RT and FT conditions. Experiment 2 extended this finding to gaps having two, one, or no abrupt marker edges. These findings suggest that human listeners do not make use of abrupt onset or offset information to enhance gap detection, but seem to rely on the effective sound level reduction associated with the gap for detection. 相似文献
152.
Ison JR Castro J Allen P Virag TM Walton JP 《The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America》2002,112(2):740-747
The effect on gap detectability of varying noise fall time (FT) and rise time (RT) of the gap boundary ramps was examined in mice using reflex modification audiometry, measuring inhibition of acoustic startle reflexes by variously shaped gaps just preceding reflex expression. In experiment 1 (n = 12) inhibition increased up to near-asymptotic values with longer FT (0, 1, 2, 3, 5, or 10 ms) and QT (quiet time, 0 to 13 ms), with a 2:1 trade-off between FT and QT. In experiment 2 (n = 24) inhibition increased for any RT above 0 ms (2, 3, 5, or 7 ms) if QT= 1 ms, but diminished with increased RT when QT = 3 or 8 ms. Enhanced detectability for subthreshold gaps by longer ramps results from their extending the apparent gap duration. The negative effect of increased RT for threshold gaps suggests the importance for gap detection of the stronger neural responses to sharp edges at the end of the gap shown previously in the mouse inferior colliculus. These effects are specific to gaps: inhibition for fixed (70-dB SPL) or varied level pulses (30 to 60 dB) was unaffected by varying the ramped edges (experiments 3 and 4, n = 9). 相似文献
153.
This study examined the effect of the distribution of values for various acoustic properties on the similarity ratings obtained in a paired-comparison study of complex sounds. Listeners rated the similarity of tones and tone complexes in one of four sets. Across the four sets both component frequency and the number of components in the stimuli were drawn from distributions that were either categorical or noncategorical. Other acoustic properties were distributed similarly in all sets. Solutions suggested that frequency was most important to the ratings, followed by the number of components in each critical band. Results suggest that when the values of an acoustic property are distributed categorically, its importance to similarity ratings increases relative to that observed with a less categorical distribution. 相似文献
154.
Ison JR Virag TM Allen PD Hammond GR 《The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America》2002,112(1):238-246
Listeners asked to detect tones masked by noise hear frequent signals but miss infrequent probes, suggesting that they attend to spectral regions where they expect the signals to occur. The narrow detection pattern centered on the frequent target approximates that obtained in notched noise, indicating that attention is focused on the auditory filter. We measured attention bands in young and elderly listeners (n=5, 4; 20-25 and 62-82 years of age) for targets (800 or 1200 Hz) and infrequent probe signals (target +/-25-100 Hz) masked in wideband noise. We anticipated that their width would increase with age, as has been reported for auditory filters. A yes-no single-interval procedure provided detection probabilities and detection response speeds. Both measures showed near-linear declines with decreasing signal level, and graded decay functions as probe frequency deviated from the target frequency. Probes deviating from the target by 25 to 50 Hz were equivalent to a 2-dB reduction in signal level for both measures. The equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) for detection approximated 11% of the signal frequency for each age group. Confidence intervals (95%) showed that the elderly ERB could be at most only about 20% larger than that of younger listeners. 相似文献
155.
Jackson BP Shaw Allen PL Hopkins WA Bertsch PM 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2002,374(2):203-211
Analytical techniques used to examine the chemical speciation of multiple trace elements are important for the investigation of biological systems. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled to ICP-MS was used to investigate the speciation of Se, As, Cu, Cd and Zn in tissue extracts from a largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) collected from a coal fly ash basin and results were compared to a largemouth bass collected at a reference site. Using a Biosil SEC column, with an effective separation range of 100-7 KDa, Cu, Zn and Cd were shown to be bound to metallothionein (MT) in the liver, gill and, to a lesser extent, gonad tissue extract. In liver, muscle and gill of the ash basin bass, Se was predominantly present as low molecular weight species. Only in the gonad extract was the major fraction of Se associated with high molecular weight species. For the liver and gill extracts, further SEC-ICP-MS on a column with an effective separation range of 7000-500 Da was performed, but Se species still eluted near the total volume of the column suggesting a low molecular weight organic or inorganic species. Ion chromatography (IC)-ICP-MS using an AS7 column and HNO(3) gradient elution indicated that the Se and As species in the liver and gill extracts had similar retention times but these retention times did not correspond to retention times for As(III), As(V), dimethylarsenate, arsenobetaine, Se(IV), Se(VI), seleno-methionine, or seleno-cystine. 相似文献
156.
The confinement of a nonneutral plasma in a magnetic-surface, or stellarator, configuration is explored. The fluid equilibrium equations are derived and are found to be fundamentally different from previous results. Diocotron modes are predicted to be stable. The collisional confinement time can be very long. Possible applications include positron trapping and confinement of positron-electron plasmas. The basic physics can be addressed experimentally in the simple tabletop stellarator planned for construction at Columbia University. 相似文献
157.
158.
Theenhaus T Allen MP Letz M Latz A Schilling R 《The European physical journal. E, Soft matter》2002,8(3):269-274
We investigate hard ellipsoids of revolution in a parameter regime where no long range nematic order is present but already
finite-size domains are formed which show orientational order. Domain formation leads to a substantial slowing down of a collective
rotational mode which separates well from the usual microscopic frequency regime. A dynamic coupling of this particular mode
into all other modes provides a general mechanism which explains an excess peak in spectra of molecular fluids. Using molecular
dynamics simulation on up to 4096 particles and on solving the molecular mode coupling equation we investigate dynamic properties
of the peak and prove its orientational origin.
Received 19 September 2001 and Received in final form 19 March 2002 相似文献
159.
In a recent paper the present authors considered the effects of small cross-flow upon the nonlinear evolution of two oblique
waves of unequal amplitude. The present analysis extends this work in two ways: (i) the cross-flow is increased to O(1) making
it of comparable magnitude to the streamwise component and (ii) by taking the long-wavelength limit of Rayleigh's equation
a whole spectrum of wave numbers can now be catered for. Thus (ii) allows a fairly general initial disturbance to be accommodated.
Another significant effect due to the presence of a whole spectrum of wave numbers is that the critical layer jump is now
forced by a quadratic, as opposed to the usual cubic, nonlinearity. Numerical solutions of the new nonlinear amplitude evolution
equation are presented for a special class of initial disturbance.
Received 7 January 1998 and accepted 15 September 1998 相似文献
160.
Richard F. Smith Allen S. Craig Lorrene A. Buckley Richard R. Soelch 《Tetrahedron letters》1979,20(43):4193-4196
Thermolysis of 1,1-dimethyl-1-benzyl-2-(iminophenylmethyl)hydrazinium hydroxide inner salt gave dimethylamine, 2,4,6-triphenyl-s-triazine and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,2-dihydro-s-triazine. 相似文献