Pool boiling from GEWA surfaces in water and R-113

Pool boiling heat transfer measurements are reported for water and R-113 with several horizontal cylindrical test sections: plain, T-finned GEWA-T (with various gaps) and standard low fin GEWA-K. With R-113 the enhancement is a well-behaved function ofS _T , reaching a maximum of 2 atS _T = 0.25 mm. With distilled water, the performance depends in a more complex way on gap width. The maximum enhancement of 1.6 is obtained atS _T =0.35 mm. Visual observations of the actual test sections and models indicated a complex liquid-vapor exchange mechanism. Bubble generation with adjacent liquid feed was observed at random locations around the periphery of the test section. A semi-theoretical equation was developed which correlates the experimental data quite well.

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Sieden bei freier Konvektion von GEWA-Oberflächen in Wasser und R-113

Zusammenfassung Es wird über Wärmeübergangsmessungen beim Sieden unter freier Konvektion mit Wasser und R-113 an verschiedenen zylindrischen, horizontal angeordneten Versuchsobjekten berichtet, die folgende Oberflächenbeschaffenheiten hatten: glatt, T-berippt GEWA-T (mit unterschiedlichen Abständen) und serienmäßig mit niedrigen Rippen versehen GEWA-K. Bei R-113 ist die Verbesserung im Wärmeübergang eine erwartungsgemäße Funktion vonS _T , die einen Maximalwert von 2 beiS _T =0,25 mm erreicht. Bei destilliertem Wasser hängt das Verhalten in komplizierter For von der Lückenweite ab. Die maximale Verbesserung liegt bei 1,6 und wird fürS _T =0,35 mm erreicht. Optische Beobachtungen an den Versuchsobjekten und Modellen zeigten einen komplizierten Flüssigkeits-Dampf-Austauschmechanismus. Es wurde Blasenbildung mit benachbartem Flüssigkeitszustrom an willkürlich wechselnden Stellen um die Peripherie des Versuchsobjektes beobachtet. Eine halbtheoretische Gleichung wurde entwickelt, welche die experimentellen Daten gut wiedergibt.

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Nomenclature A surface area - A _t tunnel/channel wall area - A liquid film area - C _q constant in natural convection correlation - C _T constant in GEWA-T Model - D outside diameter - D _b base diameter (fin root diameter) - D _tc diameter at thermocouple location - h heat transfer coefficient - h _fg latent heat - h _t heat transfer coefficient at the tunnel wall - k _l thermal conductivity of liquid - L length of test section - N _A number of active nucleation sites - ql latent heat transfer rate - q heat flux - q_ex natural convection heat flux - q latent heat flux - S _t GEWA-T gap width - T wall-minus-saturation temperature difference - T _gn vapor temperature - T _s saturation temperature - T _w wall temperature - x, y constants in natural convection correlation - liquid film thickness - surface tension Dedicated to Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Grigull's 75th birthday     

Burnett simulation of flow and heat transfer in micro Couette flow using second-order slip conditions

The conventional Burnett equations with second-order velocity slip and temperature jump conditions were applied to the steady-state micro Couette flow of a Maxwellian monatomic gas. An analytical approach as well as a relaxation method was used to determine the velocity slip and temperature jump at the wall. Convergent solutions to the Burnett equations were obtained on arbitrary fine numerical grids for all Knudsen numbers (Kn) up to the limit of the equations’ validity. The Burnett equations with second-order slip conditions indicate a much better agreement with DSMC data over the first-order slip conditions at high Kn. The convergent Burnett solutions were obtained in orders of magnitude quicker than that with the corresponding DSMC simulation. The augmented Burnett equations were also introduced to model the flow but no obvious improvement in the results was found.     

Localised knife waves in a structured interface

We consider a Mode III lattice with an interface layer where the dynamic crack growth is caused by a localised sinusoidal wave. In the wave–fracture scenario, the ‘feeding wave’ (here also called the knife wave) delivers energy to the moving crack front, while the dissipative waves carry a part of this energy away from the front. The questions addressed here are:

• What are the conditions of existence of the localised knife wave?

• What is the lower bound of the amplitude of the feeding wave, which supports the crack propagation, for a given deformational fracture criterion?

• How does the crack speed depend on the amplitude of the feeding wave?

• What are the dissipative waves? How much energy is irradiated by these waves and what is the total dissipation?

• What are the conditions of existence of the steady-state regime for the propagating crack?

We consider analytically two established regimes: the steady-state regime, where the motion of neighbouring masses (along the interface) differs only by a constant shift in time, and an alternating-strain regime, where the corresponding amplitudes differ by sign. We also present the numerical simulation results for a model of a high-contrast interface structure. Along with the energy of the feeding and dissipative waves, an energy radiated to the bulk of the lattice is identified.

Theory of nonlinear waves in a plasma

Stationary nonlinear waves propagating in a cold rarefied plasma composed of electrons and two types of ions are considered. The structure of isolated waves and shock waves is found. In recent years an intensive study has been made of finite-amplitude waves and collisionless shock waves in a rarefied plasma, in connection with laboratory experiments [1] and astrophysical applications (the problem of the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetosphere [2]). When allowance is made for dispersion effects associated with the departure of the dispersion law =(k) from the linear, and for the compensating nonlinear twisting of the wave profile, we are able to obtain the profile of stationary nonlinear waves of finite amplitude, and when allowance is made for damping we can also obtain the structure of a collisionless shock wave [3]. Such waves have been studied fairly fully for the case of a two-component plasma. The present paper examines stationary nonlinear waves propagating across a magnetic field in a cold rarefied quasi-neutral plasma composed of electrons and two types of ions.     

Direct modeling of flow of FENE fluids

Direct simulations of macromolecular fluids are carried out for flows between parallel plates and in expanding and contracting channels. The macromolecules are modeled as FENE dumbbells with soft disks or Lennard-Jones dumbbell-dumbbell interactions. The results are presented in terms of profiles and contour plots of velocity, pressure, temperature, density, and flow fields. In addition the data for potential energy, shear stress, and the normal components of the stress tensor are collected. In general, an excellent agreement is found between the simulated profiles and the well-known flow structures, such as flow separation and formation of viscous eddies, indicating that micro-hydrodynamics is a viable tool in linking macroscopic phenomena with the underlying physical mechanisms. The simulations are performed in the Newtonian regime, for medium-size systems comprising up to 3888 dumbbells. This number is sufficiently large to control boundary and particle number effects. The flow is induced by gravity. The traditional stochastic (thermal) and periodic boundary conditions are employed. Also, diffusive boundary conditions, which could include a stagnant fluid layer and repulsive potential walls, are developed. The scaling problems, which are related to the application of a large external force in a microscopic system (of the size of the order 100 Å), result in extreme pressure and temperature gradients. In addition, the viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients obtained from velocity and temperature profiles of the channel flow are presented. These results are confirmed independently from modeling of Couette flow by the SLLOD equations of motion and from the Evans algorithm for thermal conductivity.     

Analytical Model for The Capillary Pressure Gradient in Oil–Water–Rock System

A simplified analytical expression for the capillary pressure gradient in homogeneous porous media is proposed. Basic assumptions are: (1) the three phase contact angle between two fluids and porous rock is finite, (2) the surface area of contact between two fluids is small in comparison with contact surface areas between each fluid and porous rock in the unit volume of the system under consideration, (3) the model corresponds to conditions when both phases are continuous.     

Inverse method to determine elastic constants using a circular disk and moiré interferometry

We propose an inverse method, using a circular disk in diametrical compression, for the simultaneous determination of two elastic constants,E andv, from a single displacement map. Moiré interferometry combined with the phase-shifting technique provides a full-field displacement field. An overdeterministic approach using the least-squares method is implemented to fit the experimentally determined displacements to the theoretical solution. An implementation guideline is provided, considering the effects of accidental rigid-body motions, random noise and imperfect position of the origin. Accuracy and repeatability of the proposed method are verified experimentally.     

Thermosynthesis of Anhydrous Phosphates

Abstract

Thermosynthesis is a direct and, in the majority of cases, a shorter way of obtaining anhydrous phosphates. In the present paper oxides (carbonates) of multivalent metals and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate were used as initial components. However, the complicated and incessantly changing composition of decomposition products of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in a wide temperature range virtually excludes the possibility to investigate the systems under equilibrium conditions (in some cases one can investigate only metastable state systems, in which the “equilibrium” is reached “from below”). With the aim, regardless of the above-mentioned, to retain the opportunity to summarize all basic chemical processes (leading reactions) of solid-phase interaction of the initial components we have made use of complex schemes of solid-phase reactions under dynamic (nonequilibrium) conditions with different phosphorus-metal ratios and temperature rate. It does not exclude application of state diagrams (in more narrow composition ranges or at higher temperatures) when possible. Such complex approach enhances the probability of forecasting compounds and development of optimum synthesis course. Solid-phase reactions of obtaining condesated phosphates by the method of heating oxides (carbonates) of metals with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate were studied for such multivalent metals as magnium, calcium, zinc, copper, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, cerium.     

THE EFFECT OF DISPERSANT REAGENTS ON THE SODIUM OLEATE ADSORPTION AT THE SALT MINERALS-WATER INTERFACE

The influence of some dispersant reagents on the sodium oleate adsorption on the salt minerals surface has been investigated at the vicinity of pH 10. The presence of sodium lignin sulfate and low molecular weight acrylic polymer Cataflot P-40 caused the decrease of surfactant adsorption in the low concentration region of sodium oleate. On the other hand, the addition of 1000 g/t of polyethylene oxide (MW 200 000) did not cause such a change. The special shape of the adsorption isotherms has been done by the bidimensional concentration of alkaline earth metals soaps on the carbonate minerals surfaces. The vertical steps of isotherms were shifted to the high sodium oleate concentration region when both sodium lignin sulfate and Cataflot P-40 were added to the dolomite and magnesite suspensions. This effect was not observed for the calcite-sodium oleate system. The discrepancy was explained by Die blockade of magnesite species by these dispersant reagents. Changes in electrokinetic and stability behavior of these systems have been correlated with the precipitation conditions of both calcium and magnesium oleate.