数学课堂教学应注意的几个问题

数学课堂教学要最大限度地挖掘学生的潜力,正如前苏联心理学家维果茨基的“最近发展区”理论所指出:“学生在教师指导下能达到解决问题的水平与学生在独立活动中所达到解决问题的水平之间存在差异,也就是两个邻近发展阶段间的过渡状态.”因此,数学课堂教学的重要任务就是要缩短两种水平之间的差异,培养学生的自主探索精神,引导学生开展探究性学习,并做到教学走在学生发展的前面,又不超越学生的发展水平.为此数学课堂教学应走出下列几个方面的误区.     

一种蛇毒金属蛋白样品的XAS研究

测试一种含锌蛇毒金属蛋白Acutolysin A不同pH值环境下的XAS曲线,实验结果表明不同的pH值对样品的结构有一定的影响.EXAFS模拟的结果显示,该蛋白晶体PDB数据的精度不足以给出金属离子的精细局域结构.而利用不含氢原子的Cluster从头计算拟合出的XANES谱同样与实验谱有一定的差别,说明氢原子对XANES的贡献不可忽略.实验还发现X射线辐照对样品的损伤较小.     

Measurement of intrinsic radioactive backgrounds from the 137Cs and U/Th chains in CsI(Tl) crystals

The inorganic CsI(Tl) crystal scintillator is a candidate anti-compton detector for the China Dark matter Experiment. Studying the intrinsic radiopurity of the CsI(Tl) crystal is an issue of major importance. The timing, energy and spatial correlations, as well as the capability of pulse shape discrimination provide powerful methods for the measurement of intrinsic radiopurities. The experimental design, detector performance and event-selection algorithms are described. A total of 359×3 kg-days data from three prototypes of CsI(Tl) crystals were taken at China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL), which offers a good shielding environment. The contamination levels of internal isotopes from ¹³⁷Cs, ²³²Th and ²³⁸U series, as well as the upper bounds of ²³⁵U series are reported. Identification of the whole α peaks from U/Th decay chains and derivation of those corresponding quenching factors are achieved.     

脉冲激光控制高超声速进气道来流捕获

针对高超声速进气道在非设计工况下来流捕获量减少的问题,进行了激光能量沉积控制来流捕获的物理建模和数值模拟,在连续激光能量沉积和脉冲激光能量沉积两种方式下获得了进气道的性能参数。激光功率为15kW时,脉冲重复频率越高,与连续能量注入情况下的进气道性能越接近。脉冲重复频率为100kHz时,计算了脉冲方波占空比为0.1,0.2,0.3和0.4时的进气道流场,结果表明:占空比对进气道性能的影响不大;激光脉宽为500ns时,保持激光平均功率不变,当频率为200kHz和100kHz时,流场结构与连续能量注入时类似,而当频率为500kHz和25kHz时的进气捕获量都有所降低,因此,提高激光脉冲重复频率的同时,降低平均功率,不仅可以有效增大来流捕获,还可降低能耗。     

槲皮素与Cu2+和Al3+配位反应的紫外可见吸收光谱法研究

采用带有快门的增强型瞬态光谱探测系统ICCD, 实时拍摄了槲皮素与Cu2+ 和Al3+ 配位反应的紫外-可见吸收光谱。结果显示, Cu2+ 和Al3+与槲皮素配合, 在中性条件下都有吸收峰为428 nm左右的中间产物产生, 最终产物都在300 nm左右有稳定的吸收峰; 而酸性条件下则直接生成吸收峰为300 nm左右的最终产物。虽然Cu2+ 和Al3+是不同的金属离子, 但在相同的酸性或中性条件下, 它们与槲皮素的配合过程却是相似的,只是完成反应所需要的时间不同。本文结果为进一步研究槲皮素与金属离子配合的机理提供了实验依据。     

基于旋转镜法的低成本3D成像装置

利用高速旋转的平面镜将图像投射向空间的不同位置,人眼观察时由于存在视觉残留效应,就可以观察到3D投影成像.本文基于旋转平面镜法设计并制作了包含投影装置、反馈装置和配套的软件系统的低成本高分辨率和广观察范围的三维立体投影成像系统,实现了3D投影仪器的驱动和简单3D视频的制作.     

An efficient continuous-wave YVO_4/Nd:YVO_4/YVO_4 self-Raman laser pumped by a wavelength-locked 878.9 nm laser diode

We report an efficient continuous-wave self-Raman laser at 1176 nm based on a 20-mm-long composite YVO_4/Nd:YVO_4/YVO_4 crystal and pumped by a wavelength-locked 878.9 nm diode laser.A maximum output power of 5.3 W is achieved at a pump power of 26 W,corresponding to an optical conversion efficiency of 20%and a slope efficiency of 21%.The Raman threshold for the diode pump power was only 0.92 W.The results reveal that in-band pumping by a wavelength-locked diode laser significantly enhances output power and efficiency of self-Raman lasers by virtue of improved pump absorption and relieved thermal loading.     

闪锌矿Ga1-xAlxN电子结构和光吸收的第一性原理

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波超软赝势法,计算了不同浓度Al(x=0,0.125,0.250,0.375,0.500)掺杂闪锌矿GaN体系的电子结构和光学吸收谱。结果表明:Al掺杂导致系统的晶格常数减小,禁带宽度增大,吸收谱蓝移,可以达到日盲区紫外线探测器的要求。     

19.5nm极紫外反射镜的研制

介绍了一种用于太阳观测19.5nm极紫外多层膜的研究工作。利用软件对规整的Mo/Si膜系结构进行了优化,拓宽了反射带宽,提高了积分反射率。采用双离子束溅射技术,时间控厚,成功制备了该反射镜。通过同步辐射反射率计测试表明,峰值反射率27.5%,均匀性在1%以内,已初步达到预设要求。     

Progress on accurate measurement of the Planck constant:Watt balance and counting atoms

The Planck constant h is one of the most significant constants in quantum physics.Recently,the precision measurement of the value of h has been a hot issue due to its important role for the establishment of both a new SI and a revised fundamental physical constant system.Up to date,two approaches,the watt balance and counting atoms,have been employed to determine the Planck constant at a level of several parts in 108.In this paper,the principle and progress on precision measurement of the Planck constant using watt balance and counting atoms at national metrology institutes are reviewed.Further improvement in determining the Planck constant and possible developments of a revised physical constant system in future are discussed.