Sm(Val)Cl3·6H2O低温热容及热化学性质

采用精密绝热量热计测定了稀土氨基酸配合物[Sm(Val)Cl3·6H2O]在80-376 K温区的热容, 从实验热容值计算出了热力学函数(HT-H298.15和ST-S298.15). 在308 K附近, 配合物的热容出现一个大的跳跃, 可能是其玻璃化转变所致. 对该配合物进行热重测试, 得到了其可能的分解机理.     

水合烟酸钡的合成、结构表征和热化学性质

选择烟酸和氢氧化钡作为反应物,利用室温固相合成方法,借助于球磨技术,合成了一种新的化合物-水合烟酸钡.利用化学分析、元素分析、FTIR和X射线粉末衍射等方法确定了它的组成和结构为Ba(Nic)2·3H2O(s).利用精密自动绝热热量计直接测定了此化合物在78-400 K温区的摩尔热容.在热容曲线上出现了一个明显的吸热峰,通过对热容曲线的解析,得到了相变过程的峰温、相变焓和相变熵分别为(327.097±1.082)K、(16.793±0.084)kJ·mol-1和(51.340±0.164)J·K-1·mol-1将该温区的摩尔热容实验值用最小二乘法拟合得到摩尔热容(Cp,m)对温度(T)的多项式方程,并且在此基础上计算出了它的舒平热容值和各种热力学函数值.另外,依据Hess定律,通过设计合理的热化学循环,选择体积为100mL、浓度为0.5mol·L-1的盐酸作为量热溶剂,利用等温环境溶解-反应热量计分别测量固相反应的反应物和产物在所选溶剂中的溶解焓,利用溶解焓确定固相反应的反应焓为△rH0m=-(84.12±0.38)kJ·mol-1.最后,利用固相反应的反应焓和其它反应物和产物已知的热力学数据计算出水合烟酸钡的标准摩尔生成焓为△rH0m[Ba(Nic)2·3H2O(s)]=-(2115.13±1.90)kJ·mol-1.     

N-对甲基苯基-N′-（2-吡啶基）脲的低温热容及热分析

通过低温量热和热分析方法,测定了N-对甲基苯基-N′-（2-吡啶基）脲(以下简称NPMPN′2PU)的低温热容和热力学性质.通过对NPMPN′2PU进行低温量热,得到了NPMPN′2PU在80～370 K 温区的热容曲线,热容曲线光滑,没有任何热异常现象,由此实验热容数据计算出NPMPN′2PU在这段温区内的热力学数据.从DSC实验结果发现, NPMPN′2PU熔化峰值出现在173.86 ℃,熔化焓为204.45 kJ•mol－1.紧接熔化峰后NPMPN′2PU开始分解,分解峰只有一个,分解峰值温度为226.11 ℃.TG和DTG的实验结果表明,NPMPN′2PU失重的峰值为227.2 ℃,这些结果与DSC实验结果吻合.     

Heat Storage Performance of Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dodecahydrate： Prevention of Phase Separation by Thickening and Gelling Methods

Disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate （Na2HPO4·12H2O） is an attractive candidate for phase change materials. The main problem for its practical use comes from incongruent melting character during thermal cycling. Experimentally, heat of fusion of the pure salt decreased from 200 to 25 jog 1 in a four-run freeze-thaw cycling. Additives such as thickening agent or in-situ synthesized polyacrylate sodium in the molten salt can prevent its phase separation to some extent. In the test, sodium alginate 3.0%-5.0% （w/w） thickened mixture containing Na2HPOn·12H2O and some water showed constant heat storage capacities. Polyacrylate sodium gelled salt was synthesized through polymerizing sodium acrylate in the melt of Na2HPOn·12H2O and some extra water at 50 ℃. Optimum conditions composed of sodium acrylate 3.0%-5.0% （w/w）, cross-linking agent N,N-methylenebis-acrylamide 0.10%-0.20% （w/w）, K2S208 and Na2SO3 （mass ratio 1 ; 1） 0.06%-0.12% （w/w）. As opposed to normal large crystals of pure Na2HPOn·12H2O in solid state, the gelled salt existed in a large number of tiny particles dispersed in the gel network at room temperature, commonly less than 2 mm. But only those sample particles with sizes less than 0.2 mm may have relatively stable thermal storage property. A problem encountered was the poor reproducibility of the synthesis method： heat storage capacity of the product was often very different even though the synthesis was carried out in the same conditions. An alternative gelling method by sodium alginate grafted sodium acrylate was tried and it showed a fairly good effect. Heat capacities and heat of fusion of Na2HPO4·12H2O were measured by an adiabatic calorimeter.     

苏糖酸钾的低温热溶及标准摩尔生成焓测定

以苏糖酸与碳酸氢钾反应制得苏糖酸钾K(C₄H₇O₅)·H₂O，通过红外光谱、热重、化学分析及元素分析等对其进行了表征。用精密自动绝热热量计测量了该化合物在78K-395K温区的摩尔热容。实验结果表明，该化合物存在明显的脱水转变，其脱水浓度、摩尔脱水焓以及摩尔脱水熵分别为：(380.524 ± 0.093) K，(19.655 ± 0.012) kJ/mol 和 (51.618 ± 0.051) J/（K·mol）。将78K-362K和382K-395K两个温区的实验热容值用最小二乘法拟合，得到了两个表示热容随温度变化的多项式方程。以RBC-II型恒容转动弹热量计测定目标化合物的恒容燃烧能为(-1749.71 ± 0.91) kJ/mol，计算得到其标准摩尔生成焓为(-1292.56 ± 1.06) kJ/mol。     

柚皮苷的热稳定性及其热分析动力学研究

用TG-DTG/DTA方法研究了柚皮苷的热降解过程及热分析动力学. 热重分析结果表明该物质的失重过程分两步进行. 第一步为结晶水脱出, 其温度范围为343～545 K, 第二步为其分子骨架大规模降解, 其温度范围在545～857 K. 差热分析结果表明, 该物质的熔化温度为439.2 K. 使用Friedman和Ozawa-Flynn-Wall两种方法分别计算出该物质降解过程的活化能. 采用多步线性回归方法, 并参考常用的15种热解机理函数, 确定了柚皮苷热解过程最佳动力学模型为Fn-F2-F1.     

阿司匹林的热解机理及热动力学研究

在用热重法研究了阿司匹林的热稳定性实验的基础上,通过量子化学方法(ab initio DFT)计算了阿司匹林分子的键级,据此计算结果提出了阿司匹林的热解机理,按此机理得到的理论计算值与实验结果一致;运用Freeman-Carroll、Kissinger和Ozawa三种方法分别计算了阿司匹林的热解动力学参数:活化能(E)、反应级数(n)和指前因子(A),其热解动力学方程为: dα/dt=4.74×1011[exp(－(100.34±5.18)×103/RT)](1－α)2.8±0.3;用差示扫描量热法测定的该物质的熔点、摩尔熔化焓和摩尔熔化熵分别为(409.19 ± 0.22) K、(29.17 ± 0.41) kJ•mol-1和(71.09±1.06) J•mol-1•K-1.     

稀土-天冬氨酸-咪唑配合物Sm2(Asp)2(Im)6(ClO4)6.6H2O的特殊低温相变和热力学性质

合成了标题配合物,测定了其晶体在80~385 K温度范围的等压摩尔热容,低温区间的绝热量热和差示扫描量热均发现配合物在220K和245K附近存在固-固相转变,推测其机理可能是配合物中高氯酸根的重取向运动不同阶段所造成;根据实验热容数据和热力学公式,计算出配合物在80~385 K温度区域内相对于298.15K的标准热力学函数[HT-H298.15]和[ST-S298.15],根据热容测定数据计算出该相变的焓变和熵变。用热重法检测了配合物的热稳定性并推测其热分解机理。这两个低温区相变过程的发现,使开发此类配合物作为新低温相变材料成为可能。     

Low-Temperature Heat Capacities and Thermodynamic Properties of Octahydrated Barium Dihydroxide,Ba（OH）2·8H2O（s）

Low-temperature heat capacities of octahydrated barium dihydroxide, Ba（OH）2·8H2O（s）, were measured by a precision automated adiabatic calorimeter in the temperature range from T=78 to 370 K. An obvious endothermic process took place in the temperature range of 345-356 K. The peak in the heat capacity curve was correspondent to the sum of both the fusion and the first thermal decomposition or dehydration. The experimental molar heat capacifies in the temperature ranges of 78-345 K and 356-369 K were fitted to two polynomials. The peak temperature, molar enthalpy and entropy of the phase change have been determined to be （355.007±0.076） K, （73.506±0.011） kJ·ol^-1 and （207.140±0.074） J·K^-1·mol^-1, respectively, by three series of repeated heat capacity measurements in the temperature region of 298-370 K. The thermodynamic functions, （Hr-H298.15 k ）and （Sr-S298.15k）, of the compound have been calculated by the numerical integral of the two heat-eapacity polynomials. In addition, DSC and TG-DTG techniques were used for the further study of thermal behavior of the compound. The latent heat of the phase change became into a value larger than that of the normal compound because the melfing process of the compound must be accompanied by the thermal decomposition or dehydration of 71-120.     

对氨基苯甲酸热力学性质的量热和热分析研究

在80～400 K温区,用高精度全自动绝热量热仪测定了对氨基苯甲酸摩尔热容,得到摩尔热容随温度的变化的关系式为：