Flat Solitary Waves due to a Submerged Body Moving in a Stratified Fluid

A theoretical model for interaction of a submerged moving body with the conjugate flow in a three-layer fluid is proposed to depict the internal flat solitary wave, which is observed in experiments conducted by the present authors. A set of coupled nonlinear algebraic equations is derived for the interracial displacements. The numerical results indicate that （a） the conjugate flow due to a two-dimensional body moving at the bottom possesses an apparent behaviour with two convex interfaces, （b） the solution satisfying the existence criterion is always unique near the relatively stable state of system. Theoretical analysis is qualitatively consistent with the experimental results obtained.     

Subconscious Effect on Pedestrian Counter Flow

We propose an extended lattice gas model with different maximum velocities to simulate pedestrian counter flow by considering the subconscious behaviour of walkers. Four types of walkers including faster right walkers, slower right walkers, faster left walkers and slower left walkers are involved in the simulation. The simulation results show that our model can capture some essential features of pedestrian counter flows, such as the lane formation, segregation effect and phase separation at higher densities. We also find that the subconscious effect can reduce the occurrence of jam cluster evidently compared with the ease of un-subeonscious effect. At large maximum velocity, the critical density corresponding to the maximum flow rate of the fundamental diagram is in good agreement with the empirical results.