原子核与混沌问题

 引言四十年前,在讨论量子论的物理解释时,爱因斯坦在给马克斯玻恩的信中说:“上帝不掷骰子”,表明他反对量子理论的几率解释,主张寻找经典力学的更直接的对应物.这种对应物应是确定性理论,没有任何几率不确定性.现在问题清楚了,量子论的几率解释已得到普遍承认.与此同时,对经典力学体系中的混沌现象进行了愈来愈多的研究,然而与此相应的量子混沌问题却研究的很少.量子混沌和经典混沌是否有和量子力量与经典力量相似的关系呢?这是当今人们极感兴趣的问题.     

耦合系统的主方程(Ⅰ)

本文运用与时间有关的投影算符,推导出广义耦合主方程,并在第一级玻恩近似下,推出 N 个任意子系的只含对角元部分的耦合主方程.     

在重核和超重原子核中量子混沌问题的研究

通过观察和分析重核和超重核中量子谱的统计性质 ,研究有限物理体系中量子混沌的一些问题 .介绍了原子核中量子谱显示的有序 -混沌现象随激发能变化的实验数据 ,研究了超重核体系中量子谱相邻能级间距分布的规则性随体系的依赖关系 ,并预言了稳定的超重体系 .给出了原子核有序混沌相变现象与原子核形变以及原子核转动的依赖关系 ,讨论了量子体系中的对效应对有序 -混沌相变的影响 .最后 ,用有序 -混沌相变的概念解释和理解了核物理中一些重要的实验现象. Some aspects of quantum chaos in a finite system had been studied based on the analysis of statistical behaviors of quantum spectra in heavy and superheavy nuclei. The dependence of the transition from order to chaos on nuclear deformation and nuclear rotatation had been described. The influence of pairing effect on the statistical properties of spectra is also discussed. Some important experiment phenomena in nuclear physics had been understood from the point of view of interplay...     

原子核的大质量转移反应和丰中子超重核的产生(英文)

迄今为止,人们合成的超重核都是缺中子的,无论是熔合-裂变反应还是碎化过程都无法使产物达到周期表的“东北区域”。而重核之间(如U核之间) 的近垒大质量转移反应则可能是目前生成丰中子超重核和达到未知丰中子重核区域的唯一途径。在改进的量子分子动力学(ImQMD) 模型结合统计模型框架内,研究了U+U等反应体系的大质量转移反应,计算了反应产生的初生态碎片的质量和电荷分布,并成功再现了产物的终态质量和电荷分布。通过比较3 个反应136Xe+248Cm,48Ca+248Cm和238U+248Cm 产生的106号元素的截面大小,揭示了U+U等重核大质量转移反应对产生丰中子超重核是非常有利的。For elements with Z > 100 only neutron deficient isotopes have been synthesized so far. The “northeast area” of the nuclear map can be reached neither in fusion-fission reactions nor in fragmentation processes.The large mass transfer reactions in near barrier collisions of heavy (U-like) ions seem to be the only reaction mechanism allowing us to produce neutron rich heavy nuclei including those located at the superheavy(SH) island of stability and unexplored area of heavy neutron-rich nuclides. This study is extremely important for nuclear astrophysical investigations and, in particular, for the understanding of the r process. In this paper within the Improved Quantum Molecular Dynamics (ImQMD) model combining with the statistical-evaporation model, the large mass transfer reactions, like 238U+238U have been studied. The charge and mass distributions of transiently formed primary fragments are investigated within the ImQMD model and de-excitation processes of those primary fragments are described by the statistical decay model. The mass distribution of the final products in 238U+238U collisions is obtained and compared with the recent experimental data. Through compared the formation cross sections of transfermium element 106 by three reactions of 136Xe+248Cm, 48Ca+248Cm and 238U+248Cm, it is explored that the large mass transfer reactions, like U+U are very benefit for the production of SH nuclei.     

中能重离子碰撞中的同位旋效应

利用改进的量子分子动力学模型,研究了中心和擦边重离子反应中的同位旋效应.研究结果表明,在丰中子体系的中心和擦边反应中出射核子的N/Z都对对称势敏感,但对称势的密度依赖对中心和擦边反应的影响显示不同的特征.     

原子核的巨形变态研究

简要叙述了该课题研究的现状,并从核裂变和巨形变结合的观点上,对中重核和重核中的巨形变态研究提出一些看法,以推动对这个课题的探讨 . The recent development on investigation of hyperdeformation is outlined. From point of view of combining hyperdeformation with nuclear fission, a discussion on approaches for studying hyperdeformation is given for pushing ahead with this research.     

原子核量子能谱的统计性质

以原子核为例,通过观察和分析量子谱的统计性质,研究有限物理体系中量子混沌的一些问题.首先给出球形原子核中量子谱显示的有序-混沌现象随激发能变化的实验数据.而后描述了原子核有序混沌相变现象与原子核形变以及原子核转动的依赖关系,并讨论了量子体系中的对效应对有序混沌相变的影响.最后,用有序-混沌相变的概念解释和理解了核物理中一些重要的实验现象.     

重离子碰撞复合体系碎化产生超重核可能性的探讨

讨论了通过重核碰撞形成的复合体系破裂产生超重核的问题。评述了两种主要的理论模型:即早期发展的在碎化理论框架下的量子涨落理论和本课题组尝试发展的微观输运理论模型。概括阐述了微观输运理论研究^197Au＋^197Au,^238U＋^238U和^244Pu＋^244Pu等反应的主要结果,即反应中产生的超重碎块的几率与入射能的关系,复合体系和超重碎块的衰变机制以及所形成的超重碎块的结合能和形状的分布。In this paper, the possibility of producing superheavy fragments through composite system breaking up in massive nuclear reactions is investigated. Two main theoretical models, which are the quantum fluctuations with in the fragmentation theory developed at 1980＇s and improved quantum molecular dynamics model developed recently by our group, are briefly reviewed. The dependence of the production probability of superheavy fragments on the incident energy, the decay mechanism of composite system and superheavy fragments, and the distribution of binding energy of Superheavy fragments are discussed for reactions of ^244Pu＋^244Pu, ^238U＋^238U, 197Au＋^197Au based on the improved quantum molecular dynamics model.     

Fokker-Planck方程局域谐振方法近似解的研究

本文通过与精确数值解的比较,在相当大的核温度和粘滞性范围内验证了具有非谐位的Fokker-Planck方程的局域谐振近似的可靠性.     

Study on the formation of the composite system of 238U+238U

Strongly damped reactions of ²³⁸U+²³⁸U, at E_cm= 680—1880 MeV have been studied based on the improved quantum molecular dynamics model. We find that at a certain energy region the entrance channel potential is weakly repulsive and the dissipation is very strong after touching configuration, these two effects make the time delay of re-separation for colliding system. The single particle potential well of the transiently formed composite system has Coulomb barrier about 15—20 MeV high at the surface, which makes the excited unbound protons being still embedded in the potential well and moving in a common mono-single particle potential for a period of time and thus restrains from quick decay of the composite system.