磁约束聚变堆及ITER实验包层模块设计研究进展

目前国际上代表性的磁约束聚变反应堆设计包括美国的ARIES系列和APEX系列、欧洲的PPCS系列、日本的SSTR系列、中国的FDS系列设计,以及国际合作的国际热核聚变实验堆等。这些设计研究涉及到聚变能科学技术发展的各个方面,包括聚变实验堆、商用示范堆和商用动力电站等的设计研究、相关物理和技术发展以及相关的能源技术与经济策略研究等。简要介绍了上述设计研究领域的现状和发展趋势。The uhimate goal of the fusion program is to develop large scale power plants for the production of electricity. At present, there are many representative designs of magnetic confinement fusion reactors in the world,e.g. ARIES and APEX in USA, PPCS in EU, SSTR in Japan, FDS in China, and International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor （ITER）. These studies cover many aspects on fusion experimental reactors, DEMO reactors, and commercial fusion power plants, including plasma physics, blanket technologies, material behavior, and technologies required to construct and operate such complex plants. The study status and development strategy in various countries are summarized and reviewed.     

基于共轭梯度法的调强放疗射束强度分布优化

针对逆向调强放疗中强度分布优化涉及的参数多, 且临床上对其优化速度要求高的特点, 将医生期望的靶区剂量和周围正常组织剂量限制转化为二次函数形式的目标函数, 然后利用共轭梯度法对该目标函数进行优化。 最后采用一例C形靶区紧密包围危及器官的模拟病例和一例临床常用的前列腺实例, 在PC机（CPU E7200@2.53GHz, 2.00GB内存, Windows XP）上对强度分布优化效果进行测试, 对模拟病例10 s便找到最优解; 而对前列腺病例20 s便可以找到最优解; 且两个测试病例优化所得强度分布对应的剂量分布均满足要求。 测试结果表明, 采用共轭梯度法优化强度分布具有快速和效果好的优点, 因此可以将其应用在精确放疗系统中。 The beam intensity map optimization of Intensity Modulated Radiation Treatment(IMRT) is a large scale optimization problem because of thousands of parameters involved. A fast and efficient approach was studied in the paper according to the clinical requirement for high speed and good results. Firstly, the clinical prescribed dose of Planning Target Volume(PTV) and dose volume constraints of Normal Tissue and Organ at Risk(OAR) were transformed into a quadratic objective function. And then Conjugate Gradient(CG) was adopted to optimize the objective function. At last, a simulated case and a clinical case were used to test the approach. The results showed that the optimization process need 40 s while satisfied results could be obtained in 10 s for simulated case and the optimization process need 1 min and 20 s while optimized results could be obtained in 20 s for the clinical prostate case. So it can be found that the approach of proposed in this paper is valid and efficient, and can be used to the accurate radiation therapy system.     

Development of Accurate/Advanced Radiotherapy Treatment Planning and Quality Assurance System (ARTS)

A prototype of accurate/advanced radiotherapy treatment planning and quality assurance system (ARTS) is developed and key technical issues related to the improvement of the treatment accuracy is studied. After a brief introduction to the prototype of ARTS, the advanced development in key technical issues is presented, including image data processing and human body modeling, fast and accurate hybrid dose calculation, multi-objective optimization of inverse planning, intelligent patient positioning, and dose verification.     

MCNP/MCNPX几何栅元划分方法对精确放疗剂量计算的影响研究

复杂几何模型的建立是Monte Carlo粒子输运程序MCNP／MCNPX在放疗领域广泛应用的关键与难点,发展了基于医学CT影像的MCNP／MCNPX自动建模软件,提出并实现了3种几何栅元划分的方法。根据临床实例数据,分别建立了3种MCNP几何模型。在此基础上,研究分析了3种几何栅元划分方法及重复结构描述方法对计算结果的影响,为MCNP／MCNPX在放疗中的应用提供基础。The key problem for the application of the Monte Carlo particle transport code MCNP/MCNPX in radiotherapy is the creation of complex geometrical model. To handle this problem, a software has been developed to automatically create MCNP/MCNPX geometrical model based on the CT images, and three geometric cell treatment schemes were proposed and implemented in this software. In this work, three MCNP models are created, and calculations are performed to investigate the effect of those cell treatment schemes and repeated structure technique on the calculation results.     

目标函数设置对放疗逆向计划多目标优化过程的影响

目前放疗逆向计划中常用的目标函数有两种:基于剂量分布的目标函数和基于剂量．体积直方图（DVH）的目标函数。实际系统都基于单目标优化算法进行,不考虑逆向计划的多目标性。在Pareto多目标优化理论的基础上,研究逆向计划的目标函数设置问题,比较基于剂量分布的目标函数和基于DVH的目标函数对多目标优化过程的影响,包括优化时间、收敛性和存在的问题等,为逆向计划过程中多目标优化目标函数的设置提供依据。There are two kinds of objective functions in radiotherapy inverse planning: dose distribution-based and Dose-Volume Histogram （DVH）-based functions. The treatment planning in our days is still a trial and error process because the multi-objective problem is solved by transforming it into a single objective problem using a specific set of weights for each object. This work investigates the problem of objective function setting based on Pareto multi-optimization theory, and compares the effect on multi-objective inverse planning of those two kinds of objective functions including calculation time, converge speed, etc. The basis of objective function setting on inverse planning is discussed.     

国际聚变材料辐照装置屏蔽中子学设计研究

介绍了中国科学院等离子体物理研究所与德国Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe合作开展的国际聚变材料辐照装置（IFMIF）屏蔽中子学方面的相关设计研究工作。重点介绍了新开发的三维耦合屏最计算方法,包括其基本原理和程序系统等,以及基于该方法的IFMIF的三维屏蔽计算典型结果与分析。The International Fusion Materials Irradiation Materials Irradiation Facility （IFMIF） is a joint project within the framework of the Fusion Materials Implementing Agreement of the International Energy Agency （IEA）. Shielding is one of the key issues of the IFMIF engineering design. Due to the complex geometry and large size of the shields, it is difficult to make accurate shielding design using the conventional computational tools. To handle this problem, a coupled 3-D computational scheme has been developed under the cooperation of the Institute of Plasma Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Germany. This paper presents the newly-developed 3-D coupled computational scheme and its application to the IFMIF shielding design.     

CLAM钢冲击和拉伸性能测试与研究

对中国低活化马氏体钢——CLAM钢的冲击和拉伸性能进行了测试。结果表明:CLAM钢的塑。脆转变温度在-100℃左右,低于国际上其它几种典型的低活化马氏体钢;在室温和600℃时抗拉强度分别为668和334MPa,类似于EUROFER97的性能。约8μm的晶粒尺寸是CLAM钢具有较好冲击和拉伸性能的主要原因之一。The impact and tensile tests were carried out on the China Low Activation Martensitic steels （CLAM）. The results show: the Ductile-Brittle Transition Temperature （DBTY） is about - 100 ℃, which is lower than those of some other RAFMs; The ultimate strength are 668 MPa at room temperature and 334 MPa at 600℃, which are comparable to those of EUROFER97. The finer grain size of about 8 μm was considered as one of reasons for the superior mechanical properties of CLAM.     

精确放射治疗中改进的楔形挡板剂量修正算法

在精确放射治疗中,精确计算楔形挡板的楔形因子是精确修正加入楔形挡板后剂量值的关键。提出了基于衰减系数法思想的改进楔形野剂量修正算法,首先计算了楔形挡板材料的线性衰减系数,再根据楔形挡板的实际剖面尺寸,建立了线性拟合公式计算射线束穿过楔形挡板的实际厚度,精确计算楔形因子,并以AAPM55号报告提供的45°楔形挡板进行了验证。该方法在保证计算精度的同时减少了大量离轴测量数据,减轻了物理师的负担,可以作为一种有效的楔形挡板修正算法应用于放射治疗计划系统中。     

氘氚聚变中子发生器旋转氚靶传热特性研究

强流氘氚中子发生器可用于模拟聚变堆中子环境, 对于开展聚变堆包层材料相关实验研究具有重要意义. 本文提出了一种用于10¹² n·^-1量级氘氚中子发生器HINEG (high intensity neutron generator)的旋转氚靶系统设计方案, 并对其技术难点和强化传热方法进行了介绍. 为考查该氚靶系统的传热特性, 利用Computational Fluid Dynamics方法对冷却水层厚度、冷却水流速和氚靶系统旋转速度对靶面冷却的影响进行了分析, 并对不同热功率密度下靶面的传热过程进行了研究. 结果显示, 大的水层厚度、大的冷却水流速和高的靶系统旋转速度有利于靶面的冷却, 但水层厚度和水流速的变化对靶面传热影响较小. 一定条件下靶面所承受的热功率密度不能超过某个限值.