幾個物理實驗的問答题

1.在離心實驗上固定一個驗音器的圆盤,在圆盤上放置燃點的臘燭,並且蓋以漏斗或從“巴斯加怪现象”儀器上取來的圆錐形容器。當旋轉圆盤的時候,臘燭的火焰偏向圆盤的中心(圖1)。解释這個现象。答:火焰偏向圓盤的中心,是因為火焰的密度較空氣的密度小。學生們都知道,當旋轉的時候,密度較大的物質,離中心要遠些。 2.兩個玻璃瓶從斜面上滾下來,一瓶完全裝水,另一瓶裝滿鋸末和砂的混合物,兩瓶具有同樣的質量(圖2)。完全裝水的玻璃瓶,滾下的較快。解釋這個現象。     

第一性原理研究Ag掺杂及缺陷共存对ZnO光催化性质的影响

运用第一性原理研究了Ag掺杂及缺陷共存对ZnO光电性质的影响。计算结果表明富O条件有利于Ag的掺杂,贫O条件不利于Ag的掺杂。Ag掺杂浓度较低时有利于模型的稳定,其在富O或贫O条件下都以Ag_Zn为主要掺杂方式。当Ag掺杂浓度较高时,富O条件下以Ag_Zn-Ag_Zn为主要掺杂方式,贫O条件下Ag_Zn-Ag_i是较为有利的掺杂方式。富O条件下Ag掺杂较难引入V_Zn和O_i共存缺陷。贫O条件下优先出现的模型为V_O,V_O在一定程度上会促进Ag的掺杂。Ag掺杂降低了ZnO的带隙宽度,掺杂浓度越大模型带隙宽度越窄。V_Zn、V_O和O_i缺陷共存不同程度地增加了Ag掺杂模型的带隙宽度。Ag掺杂及V_Zn和O_i缺陷共存均使ZnO吸收边红移至可见光区,扩展了ZnO对太阳光的吸收范围,而Ag_Zn-V_O在可见光范围内依然是透明。在低能区紫外-可见光范围内,Ag_Zn-Ag_Zn表现出更高的光吸收率,但是相应形成能也高于Ag_Zn。V_Zn的引入提高了Ag_Zn-V_Zn和Ag_Zn-Ag_Zn-V_Zn对低能区紫外-可见光的吸收,V_O的引入有利于ZnO表面吸附更多的O₂进而产生更多的H₂O₂和·HO强氧化性物质,即V_Zn和V_O缺陷共存都有利于ZnO光催化性能的提高。     

134Ce核的高自旋态与形状共存

在中国原子能科学研究院H13串列加速器上,通过重离子核反应¹²²Sn(¹⁶O,4n)对A=130缺中子核区的¹³⁴Ce核的高自旋态进行了研究,建立了¹³⁴Ce的新的能级纲图,最高自旋态扩展到22.然而实验结果与近期发表的134Ce核的高自旋态结果不同,所谓在¹³⁴Ce核中存在的磁转动带结构不能被实验证实.对实验结果的分析表明,¹³⁴Ce核的高自旋态结构呈现出重要的形状共存特性在基带以上的回弯处的10+态起源于两个中子组态,基于此10+态的转动带具有γ≈–60°的扁椭形变;另一个10+同质异能态为yrast陷阱,也起源于两中子组态,为具有γ≈–120°的长椭形状;而由两个signature伙伴带组成的强耦合带,则起源于h_11/2与g_7/2质子组态,为具有γ≈0°的长椭形变带.     

The modulation of brain functional connectivity with manual acupuncture in healthy subjects:An electroencephalograph case study

Manual acupuncture is widely used for pain relief and stress control.Previous studies on acupuncture have shown its modulatory effects on the functional connectivity associated with one or a few preselected brain regions.To investigate how manual acupuncture modulates the organization of functional networks at a whole-brain level,we acupuncture at ST36 of a right leg to obtain electroencephalograph(EEG) signals.By coherence estimation,we determine the synchronizations between all pairwise combinations of EEG channels in three acupuncture states.The resulting synchronization matrices are converted into functional networks by applying a threshold,and the clustering coefficients and path lengths are computed as a function of threshold.The results show that acupuncture can increase functional connections and synchronizations between different brain areas.For a wide range of thresholds,the clustering coefficient during acupuncture and postacupuncture period is higher than that during the pre-acupuncture control period,whereas the characteristic path length is shorter.We provide further support for the presence of "small-world" network characteristics in functional networks by using acupuncture.These preliminary results highlight the beneficial modulations of functional connectivity by manual acupuncture,which could contribute to the understanding of the effects of acupuncture on the entire brain,as well as the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying acupuncture.Moreover,the proposed method may be a useful approach to the further investigation of the complexity of patterns of interrelations between EEG channels.     

Modulation of electroencephalograph activities by manual acupuncture stimulation in healthy subjects: An autoregressive spectral analysis

To investigate whether and how manual acupuncture (MA) modulates brain activities, we design an experiment that acupuncture at acupoint ST36 of right leg to obtain electroencephalograph (EEG) signals in healthy subjects. We adopt autoregressive (AR) Burg method to estimate the power spectrum of EEG signals and analyze the relative powers in delta (0 Hz-4 Hz), theta (4 Hz-8 Hz), alpha (8 Hz-13 Hz), and beta (13 Hz-30 Hz) bands. Our results show that MA at ST36 can significantly increase the EEG slow wave relative power (delta band) and reduce the fast wave relative powers (alpha and beta bands), while there are no statistical differences in theta band relative power between different acupuncture states. In order to quantify the ratio of slow to fast wave EEG activity, we compute the power ratio index. It is found that the MA can significantly increase the power ratio index, especially in frontal and central lobes. All the results highlight the modulation of brain activities with MA and may provide potential helps in clinical treatment of acupuncture. The proposed quantitative method of acupuncture signals may be further used to make MA more standardized.     

浆态法制备的MoVTeNbO催化剂上的乙烷氧化脱氢

 采用浆态法在N2气氛下焙烧制得了MoV0.3Te0.23Nb0.1Ox催化剂. 在以该催化剂催化的乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯的反应中,440 ℃下乙烷的转化率和乙烯的选择性均在90%左右,乙烯产率达80.9%. 但在空气气氛下焙烧得到的催化剂几乎没有催化活性. 用XRD和SEM等方法考察了催化剂的结构.     

Generating EPR-entangled mechanical state via feeding finite-bandwidth squeezed light

Einstein–Podolski–Rosen(EPR) entanglement state is achievable by combining two single-mode position and momentum squeezed states at a 50:50 beam-splitter(BS). We investigate the generation of the EPR entangled state of two vibrating membranes in a ring resonator, where clockwise(CW) and counter-clockwise(CCW) travelling-wave modes are driven by lasers and finite-bandwidth squeezed lights. Since the optomechanical coupling depends on the location of the membranes, CW and CCW can couple to the symmetric and antisymmetric combination of mechanical modes for a suitable arrangement, which corresponds to a 50:50 BS mixing. Moreover, by employing the red-detuned driving laser and tuning the central frequency of squeezing field blue detuned from the driving laser with a mechanical frequency, the squeezing property of squeezed light can be perfectly transferred to the mechanical motion in the weak coupling regime. Thus, the BS mixing modes can be position and momentum squeezed by feeding the appropriate squeezed lights respectively, and the EPR entangled mechanical state is obtained. Moreover, cavity-induced mechanical cooling can further suppress the influence of thermal noise on the entangled state.     

粉末研磨定性分析法

作者所介紹的方法可以推荐給中学高年級的学生作为学習化学的課外作業。粉末研磨定性分析法所用仪器極簡單:一只調水彩顏色用的磁碟和一根玻璃研棒即可。如果沒有磁碟,可以利用碟子、盤子的粹片或坩鍋盖等等。玻璃研棒也可以用(燒熔过的)圆头玻璃棒来代替。     

白藜芦醇抗过氧亚硝基及保护DNA作用

利用紫外-可见、荧光光谱法研究了白藜芦醇（resveratrol，Res）与过氧亚硝基阴离子（peroxynitrite anion，ONOO^-）的相互作用，利用电泳方法证实了Res能抑制ONOO^-引起的DNA损伤作用．结果表明Res与ONOO^-之间存在相互作用，并对ONOO^-引起的DNA损伤具有明显的保护作用，当Res浓度为0．05mmol／L时，有近50％的断链DNA恢复为超螺旋态；CO2能显著降低ONOO^-引起的DNA单链断裂，并能加强Res的保护作用，当Res浓度为0．05mmol／L时，对DNA损伤的保护由50％增加到71％．