Comparative studies of silicon photomultipliers and traditional vacuum photomultiplier tubes

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are a new generation of semiconductor-based photon counting devices with the merits of low weight, low power consumption and low voltage operation, promising to meet the needs of space particle physics experiments. In this paper, comparative studies of SiPMs and traditional vacuum photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) have been performed regarding the basic properties of dark currents, dark counts and excess noise factors. The intrinsic optical crosstalk effect of SiPMs was evaluated.     

基于快速模糊C均值聚类算法的红外图像分割

 针对模糊C均值(FCM)聚类图像分割需要预先知道类别数及计算量较大的问题,提出了新的快速FCM改进方法。首先,利用边缘信息进行邻域搜索得到种子像素;通过区域生长快速获得区域分割类别数和对应的聚类中心值,并将图像分成确定类别的区域和未确定类别的区域;最后利用所得的聚类中心值和 FCM算法对未确定类别区域进行聚类。实验证明,本文提出的改进方法大大减少了计算量,显著提高了图像分割速度,而且由于聚类考虑了相邻像素点的关系,图像分割结果能够清晰地保留目标轮廓,提高了图像分割的质量。     

金在氨基硅烷修饰SBA-15上的巴豆醛选择加氢性能

采用三种氨基硅烷试剂(APTS: 3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷, TPED: N-(2-氨乙基)-3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷, TPDT: 3-[2-(2-氨基乙基氨基)乙基氨基]丙基-三甲氧基硅烷)对介孔SBA-15分子筛进行后嫁接表面功能化(分别记为APTS-SBA-15, TPED-SBA-15和TPDT-SBA-15), 然后利用氨基与氯金酸之间的静电作用及化学还原法, 将金纳米粒子引入分子筛的介孔孔道. 采用N₂物理吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂的结构和电子性质进行了系统表征; 以巴豆醛液相加氢制巴豆醇反应比较了氨基硅烷的种类对催化性能的影响. 结果表明, 氨基硅烷的给电子能力是决定金催化剂上C＝O键加氢选择性的主要因素, 氨基硅烷的给电子能力越强, 金活性位上的电子密度越高, 则巴豆醇的选择性和收率就越高.     

基于环糊精包合作用的大分子网络研究进展

环糊精与客体分子的“锁一钥匙”包合作用,是一种纯粹的分子间非共价键作用力,利用这一超分子作用力可以构筑大分子网络体系。基于环糊精分子的包合选择性、可调控性等优势,该缔合体系在过去十多年里备受人们关注,已成为大分子组装研究的热点。本文对这种基于环糊精包合作用的分子间包结缔合型大分子网络的最新进展进行了综述,主要包括：（1...     

The pulsed microwave damage trend of a bipolar transistor as a function of pulse parameters

In the present paper we conduct a theoretical study of the thermal accumulation effect of a typical bipolar transistor caused by high power pulsed microwaves(HPMs),and investigate the thermal accumulation effect as a function of pulse repetition frequency(PRF) and duty cycle.A study of the damage mechanism of the device is carried out from the variation analysis of the distribution of the electric field and the current density.The result shows that the accumulation temperature increases with PRF increasing and the threshold for the transistor is about 2 kHz.The response of the peak temperature induced by the injected single pulses indicates that the falling time is much longer than the rising time.Adopting the fitting method,the relationship between the peak temperature and the time during the rising edge and that between the peak temperature and the time during the falling edge are obtained.Moreover,the accumulation temperature decreases with duty cycle increasing for a certain mean power.     

Design and performance study of the LEPD silicon tracker onboard the CSES satellite

The low energy particle detector (LEPD) is one of the main payloads onboard the China seismic electromagnetic satellite (CSES). The detector is designed to ascertain space electrons (0.1-10 MeV) and protons (2-50 MeV). It has the capability of identifying the electrons and protons, to measure the energy spectrum and the incident angle of the particles. The LEPD is made up of a silicon tracker system, a CsI (Tl) mini-calorimeter, an anti-coincidence system made by plastic scintillator, as well as electronics and a data acquisition system (DAQ). The tracker is also a kind of E-E telescope; it consists of two layers of double-sided silicon strip detectors (DSSD). The signals emerging from the silicon tracker can be read out by two pieces of application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), which also can generate an event trigger for the LEPD. The functions of the DSSD system in the LEPD for charged particles were tested by 241Am @5.486 MeV α particles. The results show that the DSSD system works well, and has high performance to detect charged particles and measure the position of incident particles.     

A geometric factor calculation method based on the isotropic flux assumption

One of the instruments onboard the China Seismic Electromagnetic Satellite （CSES） is the Low Energy Particle Detector （LEPD）. The primary objective of LEPD is to provide measurements of the fluxes, energy spectra and pitch angles of 100 keV to 10 MeV electrons and protons from 2 to 50 MeV in the Earth＇s magnetosphere. The geometric factor is one of the principle parameters of a detector, which converts the physical quantity-count rate to the particle quantity-flux. In this paper, we calculated the geometric factor of LEPD via computer modeling of an isotropic radiation environment. It was first demonstrated that the radiation intensity related should obey a cosine-law, then a general sampling method of generating this distribution via GPS of GEANT4 was explained. Furthermore, combined with flux normalization, a comparison of the geometric factor calculation of a set of 2-layer detectors with different shapes （cylinder, truncated cone and rectangle） was performed. Results show a generally good agreement between simulation and analytical calculations for the cylinder and truncated cone detectors, and the result of the rectangular one, for which there is no accurate analytical formula, is consistent with the previous simulated results by others. As a practical instance of the 2-layer rectangle detector, the geometric factor of LEPD is 10.336±0.036 m cm2·sr for 10 MeV proton and 8.211±0.032 m cm2·sr for 8 MeV electron.     

基极注入强电磁脉冲对双极晶体管的损伤效应和机理

建立了双极晶体管(BJT)在强电磁脉冲作用下的二维电热模型, 对处于有源放大区的BJT在基极注入强电磁脉冲时的瞬态响应进行了仿真. 结果表明, BJT烧毁点位置随注入脉冲幅度变化而变化, 低脉冲幅度下晶体管烧毁是由发射结反向雪崩击穿所致, 烧毁点位于发射结柱面区; 而在高脉冲幅度下, 由基区-外延层-衬底组成的p-n-n⁺ 二极管发生二次击穿导致靠近发射极一侧的基极边缘率先烧毁; BJT的烧毁时间随脉冲幅度升高而减小, 而损伤能量则随之呈现减小-增大-减小的变化趋势, 因而存在一个极小值和一个极大值. 仿真与实验结果的比较表明, 本文建立的晶体管模型不但能预测强电磁脉冲作用下BJT内部烧毁发生的位置, 而且能够得到损伤能量. 关键词： 双极晶体管 强电磁脉冲 烧毁点位置 损伤能量     

不同样式的高功率微波对双极晶体管的损伤效应和机理

结合Si基n⁺-p-n-n⁺ 外延平面双极晶体管, 通过分析器件内部的温度分布变化以及电流密度和烧毁时间随信号幅值的变化关系, 研究了其在三角波信号、正弦波信号和方波脉冲信号等三种样式的高功率微波信号作用下的损伤效应和机理. 研究表明, 三种高功率微波信号注入下器件的损伤部位都是发射结, 在频率和信号幅值相同的情况下方波脉冲信号更容易使器件损伤; 位移电流密度和烧毁时间随信号幅值的增大而增大, 而位移电流在总电流所占的比例随信号幅值的增大而减小; 相比于因信号变化率而引起的位移电流, 信号注入功率在高幅值信号注入损伤过程中占主要作用. 利用数据分析软件, 分别得到了三种信号作用下器件烧毁时间和信号频率的变化关系式. 结果表明, 器件烧毁时间随信号频率的增加而增加, 烧毁时间和频率都符合t= af^b的关系式. 关键词： 双极晶体管 高功率微波 损伤机理 信号样式     

基于加权平均樽海鞘群算法和BP神经网络的COVID-19预测

新型冠状病毒肺炎以其高传染性和高致病性成为全球关注的问题之一.有效预测COVID-19的累计确诊人数对COVID-19的防控具有重要价值.本文提出加权平均樽海鞘群算法(AVSSA),通过23个基准函数验证了AVSSA的有效性,进而利用AVSSA优化BP神经网络建立预测模型AVSSA-BP,实现COVID-19的预测.实...