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Derivation of baroclinic Ertel–Rossby invariant-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation in moist flow
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For the potential vorticity (PV) invariant, there is a PV-based complete-form vorticity equation, which we use heuris- tically in the present paper to answer the following question: for the Ertel-Rossby invariant (ERI), is there a corresponding vorticity tendency equation? Such an ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation is derived and discussed in detail in this study. From the obtained new vorticity equation, the vertical vorticity change is constrained by the vertical velocity term, the term associated with the slope of the generalized momentum surface, the term related to the horizontal vorticity change, and the baroclinic or solenoid term. It explicitly includes both the dynamical and thermodynamic factors' influence on the vorticity change. For the ERI itself, besides the traditional PV term, the ERI also includes the moisture factor, which is excluded in dry ERI, and the term related to the gradients of pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy that reflects the fast-manifold property. Therefore, it is more complete to describe the fast motions off the slow manifold for severe weather than the PV term. These advantages are naturally handed on and inherited by the ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation. Then the ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation is further transformed and compared with the traditional vorticity equation. The main difference between the two equations is the term which describes the contribution of the solenoid term to the vertical vorticity development. In a barotropic flow, the solenoid term disappears, then the ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation can regress to the traditional vorticity equation. 相似文献
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本文以氧化铝和氧化锌为原料,B2O3、Y2O3、TiO2为添加剂,采用固相反应法合成锌铝尖晶石,将试样在1550℃进行烧结,研究了三种添加剂对矿物组成和微观结构的影响,采用XRD、SEM等手段对烧后试样的物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明:三种添加剂均使显气孔率显著降低,当含量超过1.5;时,显气孔率下降不明显.B2O3进入锌铝尖晶石间隙内形成间隙固溶体;Y2O3与Al2O3发生化学反应生成钇酸铝;当TiO2含量小于1.5;时,TiO2进入锌铝尖晶石晶格内形成置换固溶体,超过1.5;以后,TiO2与Al2O3反应生成钛酸铝.添加Y2O3的试样,生成的钇酸铝在锌铝尖晶石晶间,与空白样相比,晶粒尺寸更均匀;添加B2O3的试样,晶粒尺寸最大;其次是添加TiO2的试样.添加TiO2的试样抗KCl侵蚀性最好. 相似文献
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采用电化学腐蚀的方法加速梁内钢筋锈蚀,使用分级加载方案对受腐蚀钢筋混凝土梁进行了抗弯承载力试验研究,获得了20根不同锈蚀率的钢筋混凝土梁承载力极限值.使用现有的试验数据构成训练样本对,供支持向量机进行预学习.在机理建模方法中,基于线性核函数分别获得了分段式和整体式的回归公式;在黑箱建模方法中,基于径向基核函数获得了黑箱预测模型.通过将预测结果和本文试验值进行对比,验证所提出的基于支持向量机的受腐蚀混凝土梁承载能力预测方法有效性;并将预测结果与其它回归公式对比,表明所提出的预测方法具有预测精度高、适用范围广和预测策略多等优点. 相似文献
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提出了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定烟草中N-亚硝基降烟碱(NNN)、N-亚硝基新烟草碱(NAT)、N-亚硝基假木贼碱(NAB)和4-甲基亚硝基吡啶基丁酮(NNK)等4种亚硝胺含量的方法。烟草样品经0.1mol.L-1乙酸铵溶液匀浆提取,离心分离取上清液过Waters AcquityUPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1mm×100mm,1.7μm)分离,以乙腈和0.01mol.L-1乙酸铵溶液按不同体积混合作流动相梯度洗脱。串联质谱测定中采用电喷雾离子源正离子模式和多反应监测模式检测,同位素内标法定量。NNK、NNN、NAB和NAT的检出限(3s)分别为0.06,0.17,0.15,0.053μg.L-1。方法的加标回收率在92.1%~104%之间;日内和日间相对标准偏差(n=7)分别为2.7%~3.3%和3.5%~4.2%。 相似文献
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A prototype multi-gap resistive plate chamber (MRPC) with a 2×6 gap structure is developed for the upgrading of the endcap time-of-flight (ETOF) detector in the Beijing Spectrometer (BESⅢ). The prototype MRPC is tested in the E3 beam line of the Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) with secondary charged particles (π and p, etc) of 600 MeV/c. The test results show that the time resolution of the MRPC can reach 50 ps and that the detection efficiency is greater than 98%. 相似文献
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The endcap of time-of-flight (ETOF) detector in BES (Beijing Spectrometer) III is planned to be upgraded by using multi-gap resistive plate chambers (MRPCs) and the designed time resolution of the MRPCs is around 50 ps. Thus a time-zero (T0) detector needs to be built to offer a high quality reference time for the MRPCs beam test. So a T0 detector is built using plastic scintillator tiles (BC420) to couple with four fast phototubes (PMTs, Hamamatsu H6533). The timing properties of the detector is studied by using a cosmic ray test and factors related to the time resolution, such as plastic scintillator size, readout mode and angle effects, are discussed. T0 detector timing resolutions of ~41-62 ps are achieved, which means that the T0 detector can be used in the MRPC beam test. 相似文献
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A GEANT4-based Monte-Carlo (MC) model is developed to study the performance of endcap time-of-flight (ETOF) at BESⅢ. It's found that the multiple scattering effects, mainly from the materials at the MDC endcap, can cause multi-hit on the ETOF's readout cell and significantly influence the timing property of ETOF. A multi-gap resistive plate chamber (MRPC) with a smaller readout cell structure is more suitable for the ETOF detector due to significantly reduced multi-hit rate (per channel), from 71.5% for currently-used scintillator-based ETOF to 21.8% or 16.7% for MRPC-based ETOF, depending on the readout pad size used. The timing performance of an MRPC ETOF is also improved. These simulation results suggest and guide an ETOF upgrade effort at BESⅢ. 相似文献
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Significant enhancements of J/ψ production at very low transverse momenta were recently observed by the ALICE and STAR collaborations in peripheral hadronic A+A collisions. The anomalous excess points to coherent photon-nucleus interactions in violent hadronic heavy-ion collisions, which were conventionally studied only in ultra-peripheral collisions. Assuming that the coherent photoproduction is the underlying mechanism responsible for the excess observed in peripheral A+A collisions, its contribution in p+p collisions with nuclear overlap, i.e. nonsingle-diffractive collisions, is of particular interest. In this paper, we perform a calculation of exclusive J/ψ photoproduction in non-single-diffractive p+p collisions at the RHIC and LHC energies based on the pQCD motivated parametrization using the world-wide experimental data, which could be further employed to improve the precision of the phenomenological calculations for photoproduction in A+A collisions. The differential rapidity and transverse momentum distributions of J/ψ from photoproduction are presented. In comparison with the J/ψ production from hadronic interactions, we find that the contribution of photoproduction is negligible. 相似文献