Abstract A series of novel Mahkoside A derivatives was synthesized, and their in vitro cytotoxic activities were evaluated against the human cancer cell line Ec‐9706. A Preliminary structure–activity relationship study showed compounds 7 and 8 have obvious cytotoxic activities (IC50: 30.0 and 12.5 µg · mL?1, respectively). 相似文献
The modulation of 7Be-aerosols concentration due to solar activity during the cycle 23 is studied in the present research. For that purpose, was analyzed the differences in the long-term variation of geomagnetic and solar activity to assess the physical effects over the evolution of 7Be during the period 1996–2010. Furthermore, exploratory data analysis was applied to understand better the behavior of 7Be-aerosols in the surface atmosphere. This study shows that there is an inverse relationship among 7Be measured in the near ground air and solar activity. The modulation of 7Be-aerosols during the cycle 23 was divided in two steps. In the first stage, ascending phase, 1996–2002, the solar activity played an important role in the production rate of 7Be, r = ?0.75. However, during the descending phase, 2002–2009, the role of the solar activity was secondary, r = ?0.30, allowing that 7Be-aerosols reached the maximum concentration, 9.33 mBq m?3 in August-09 when the solar activity was zero. Moreover, the remaining solar activity after the end of the ascending phase and the last important solar storm (December-06) caused the slowdown of 7Be production rate from 2001 to 2004 and the rupture of the seasonal behavior of 7Be in 2007, respectively. Finally, this research highlight the necessity to take into account the solar cycle phase, ascending or descending, to model studies of atmospheric process with 7Be as tracer since the contribution of the variables studied are so different in these stages. 相似文献
In this study, the solid-state reaction mechanism and kinetics were investigated for production of anhydrous sodium metaborate (NaBO2), an industrially and technologically important boron compound. To assess the kinetics of solid-state production of NaBO2, the chemical reaction between borax (Na2B4O7) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was investigated by use of the thermal analysis techniques thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). DTA curves obtained under non-isothermal conditions at different heating rates (5, 10 and 20 °C/min), revealed five endothermic peaks corresponding to five solid-state reactions occurring at 70, 130, 295, 463, and 595 °C. The stages of the solid-state reaction used for production NaBO2 were also analyzed by XRD, which showed that at 70 and 130 °C, Na2B4O7 and NaOH particles contacted between the grains, and diffusion was initiated at the interface. However, there was not yet any observable formation of NaBO2. Formation of NaBO2 was initiated and sustained from 295 to 463 °C, and then completed at 595 °C; the product was anhydrous NaBO2. Activation energies (Ea) of the solid-state reactions were calculated from the weight loss based on the Arrhenius model; it was found that in the initial stages of the solid-state reaction Ea values were lower than in the last three steps. 相似文献
The syntheses, structures, and physical properties of dibenzozethrenes were explored. The results thus obtained were compared with those for zethrenes. Dibenzozethrenes were synthesized by the nickel‐catalyzed cyclodimerization of 9‐ethynyl‐1‐iodoanthracenes. The substituents in zethrene and dibenzozethrene twisted their backbones, and remarkably influenced their properties. Unlike closed‐shell disubstituted derivatives, the parent zethrene and dibenzozethrene are singlet open‐shell biradicals, which were studied by variable‐temperature 1H NMR, ESR, SQUID and computational methods. Since substituents were observed to affect significantly the biradical properties, the relevant mechanisms were analyzed. The nonlinear optical performance of each of these compounds depends on its π‐conjugation and biradical properties. Dibenzozethrenes have larger two‐photon absorption cross‐sections than zethrenes, as most strongly evidenced by the parent dibenzothrene [σmax=4323 GM at 530 nm]. 相似文献
A facility for thermalization of fast neutrons (14.2 MeV) emitted by compact deuterium–tritium (D–T) neutron generators (NGs) for thermal neutron activation analysis is proposed. Its final design is based on Monte Carlo calculations (MCNP5). To maximize the ratio between the thermal neutron flux and the total neutron flux and simultaneously to ensure the highest possible value of the thermal neutron flux at the output surface, the facility should consist of a two-layer reflector [tungsten (W)—the inner part, molybdenum—the outer part], a two-layer multiplier (W followed by lead), a moderator (polyethylene followed by magnesium fluoride) and a collimator (molybdenum and nickel near the output surface). For the D–T NG producing the maximum available neutron yield 1015 n s?1, the facility provides the thermal neutron flux 2.0 × 1011 n cm?2 s ?1 and a slightly higher fast neutron flux 2.3 × 1011 n cm?2 s?1. To improve the ratio of the thermal neutron flux to the fast neutron flux (above 2.7) an addition of a silicon layer to the moderator and especially a proper adjustment and a threefold increase of the multiplier thickness is necessary. 相似文献
The environmental impacts associated with the exploitation and transformation of fossil resources aggravate the planet's situation in terms of climate change. Due to this, this paper studies an alternative use of mineral coal as a precursor to obtaining new materials with different properties to the starting coals. The thermal degradation of two Colombian semi-anthracites is analyzed through the thermogravimetry (TG) technique coupled to a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) equipment from room temperature (25 °C) to 900 °C, at a heating rate of 10 K min?1 in an inert atmosphere. The catalytic effect of the addition of silicon to these samples before being subjected to a carbonization process is evaluated during this process. The results indicated that the primary reaction occurs in the temperature range between 400 and 680 °C, where the highest mass loss rate was observed. At the end of the heating process, the TG profile of the samples with silicon addition showed losses between 14.33 and 18.82% in mass, these values being slightly higher compared to the starting and demineralized samples. The release of water, light gases such as CO2, CH4, and species such as toluene, phenol and formic acid was identified in most of the samples. The presence of silica seems to favor the release of all these species, being more evident in one of the semi-anthracites studied. According to the results obtained, it is proved that the presence of silicon in samples subjected to carbonization processes has a catalytic effect that improves some characteristics of the new materials obtained, thus contributing to the use of carbon to get new materials.
In this study, the synthesis of barium metaborate powder (BaB2O4) was carried out by ultrasound-assisted precipitation using different borate solutions. Different solutions such as borax (Na2B4O7, BD), boric acid (H3BO3, BA), and sodium metaborate (NaBO2, SMB) were used in the synthesis and an ultrasonic immersion horn probe was used as the major source of ultrasound. The effect of reaction temperature and time, pH, and crystallization time on the BaB2O4 yield (%) was investigated. The ultrasound-assisted synthesis up to 90 % yield could be achieved using a 0.2 M BD solution at 80 °C, reacting for 5 min at pH 13 followed by 2 h of crystallization. Following crystallization, the obtained powder was heated up to 140, 250, 650, and 750 °C for 2.5 h, and it was shown that β-BaB2O4 nanometric powders were obtained after the 750 °C heat treatment. 相似文献
The effects of solvent and temperature on the complexation of adamantyl mannoside with β-cyclodextrin and 6-O-monotosyl-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin were explored experimentally and by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Efficient binding was observed only in hydrogen-bonded solvents, which indicated solvophobically driven complexation. The stability of the inclusion complex was considerably higher in aqueous media. A pronounced temperature dependence of ΔrH○ and ΔrS○, resulting in perfect enthalpy–entropy compensation, was observed in water. The complexation thermodynamics was in line with classical rationale for the hydrophobic effect at lower temperatures and the nonclassical explanation at higher temperatures. This finding linked cyclodextrin complexation thermodynamics with insights regarding the effect of temperature on the hydration water structure. The complexation enthalpies and entropies were weakly dependent on temperature in organic media. The signs of ΔrH○ and ΔrS○ were in accordance with the nonclassical hydrophobic (solvophobic) effect. The structures of the optimized product corresponded to those deduced spectroscopically, and the calculated and experimentally obtained values of ΔrG○ were in very good agreement. This investigation clearly demonstrated that solvophobically driven formation of cyclodextrin complexes could be anticipated in structured solvents in general. However, unlike in water, adamantane and the host cavity behaved solely as structure breakers in the organic media explored so far. 相似文献