加载角度对层理页岩裂纹扩展影响的实验研究

采用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）系统对页岩进行冲击实验,研究层理角度对页岩动态断裂过程的影响,在裂尖设置裂纹扩展计,借助高速摄影和数字图像相关（DIC）技术对页岩中心切槽半圆盘弯曲（NSCB）试件断裂的全过程进行研究,得到了不同加载角度下页岩的动态起裂韧度、裂纹扩展速度、断裂过程中应变场和水平位移场的变化规律。实验发现:不同加载角度下,页岩的动态起裂韧度具有显著的各向异性,加载角度与动态起裂韧度呈正相关;加载角度对试样的裂纹扩展速度具有显著影响,与裂纹扩展速度呈负相关;当冲击速度较低时,切槽方向是裂纹扩展的优势方向,而当冲击速度较高时,试样会产生沿层理弱面的次生裂纹,次生裂纹对试样的断裂具有显著影响。     

在超声速流动中激波与边界层的干扰特性

激波与物面边界层的干扰涉及可压缩流动的稳定性、转捩、分离等问题,直接影响到飞行器的阻力、表面热防护和飞行性能等工程技术问题。首先总结了前人对于激波与边界层的干扰所做的工作,之后重点研究和对比分析了超声速与跨声速流动中,正激波、斜激波以及头部激波对于飞行器层流和湍流边界层的干扰影响。激波强度的不同对边界层干扰作用不同,在强干扰情况下将会引起边界层分离和翼型失速。     

冷冻电镜技术应用于生物分子高分辨结构解析——2017年诺贝尔化学奖浅谈

The 2017 Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson for their contribution to developing the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) method for high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution. In recent years, cryo-EM is leading a revolution in structural biology, and becoming a major tool in studying the structure and function of biomolecular machines. Here, we briefly describe the method development of cryo-EM and the personal contributions of the three Nobel Laureates.     

Nanoengineering of iron oxide and iron oxide/silica hollow spheres by sequential layering combined with a sol-gel process

Fe2O3 and Fe2O3/SiO2 hollow spheres with tailored dimensions and compositions were created by consecutively coating polystyrene (PS) latices either with Fe3+ alternately adsorbed with Nafion or combining a sol-gel process based on the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and subsequently removing the cores upon pyrolysis.     

Investigation on Normal Dynamic Contact Characteristics of Mechanical Interface of Machine Tools

The dynamic contact characteristics of mechanical interface significantly impact the performance of machine tools.The static contact behaviors of mechanical interface have been studied.However,most mechanical interfaces are exposed to dynamic load.It is necessary to study the dynamic contact characteristics of mechanical interface.A normal dynamic microcosmic contact model is built using the statistical method,and the interactional effects of adjacent asperities are considered.The influences of the normal preload,vibrational frequency and displacement amplitude on normal contact stiffness and damping of mechanical interface are revealed.The predicted contact stiffness and damping of mechanical interface are verified by a series of simulations and experiments.     

采用SemiLoof型约束条件的薄板三角形广义协调元

本文综合广义协调元和SemiLoof元的优点,消除其缺点,建立一个九自由度三角形薄板单元。单元自由度只含常规的角点自由度,不采用SemiLoof元还包含边点自由度的复杂作法。着眼于广义协调,克服了某些非协调元不能通过分片检验的致命弱点。采用SemiLoof型约束条件,即全部采用离散型(点型)协调条件,不采用广义协调元通常采用的积分型协调条件的复杂作法。从简便实用、高精度和收敛可靠进行全面衡量,本单元是同类低阶薄板单元中的最优单元。     

超声平面波同相正交信号频域波束形成算法

针对频域平面波波束形成算法尚不能直接应用于采用正交解调的超声成像系统中的实际问题,提出一种平面波同相正交信号频域波束形成方法。以平面波射频信号频域波束形成算法为基础,根据射频信号与同相正交信号波数空间变量之间的关系,推导了平面波同相正交信号与对应图像的频谱映射表达式,从而实现对正交解调后信号的频域超声图像重建。采用2016年Plane Wave Imaging Challenge in Medical Ultrasound (PICMUS)发布的仿真、仿体及在体原始回波数据对这一方法进行验证,并评估图像的分辨率和对比噪声比。仿真和仿体实验结果表明,相对于射频信号的频域波束形成算法,该算法可获得与之相同的图像质量,并将成像速度提高了约4倍。在体实验数据的成像结果也验证了该算法在实际应用中的有效性。     

一种疲劳缺口系数计算新方法

针对Mod.9Cr-1Mo铁素体钢锐缺口件进行了一系列非比例载荷低周疲劳试验,采用直流电位差法测量裂纹萌生寿命,比较了非比例路径对疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的影响。结果表明:缺口件裂纹萌生寿命占总寿命的比例与非比例路径直接相关;随着非比例度增加,裂纹萌生寿命所占比例增加。采用Neuber律和Peterson模型进行缺口局部应力应变损伤的计算,结合Smith-WatsonTopper(SWT)模型进行疲劳寿命预测。采用Neuber律并结合SWT模型预测的结果与实际结果相比普遍偏低,采用Peterson模型预测的结果与实际结果相比偏高,与本文结果相比预测结果较高。基于应变路径非比例度的概念,针对Peterson模型进行修正,提出了一种新的疲劳缺口系数计算方法,结合SWT模型进行了疲劳寿命预测。结果表明,该方法改善了非比例路径下的疲劳寿命预测结果,大部分预测结果位于2倍分散带内。     

Global regularity and uniqueness of weak solution for the 2-D liquid crystal flows

We prove the global existence and regularity of weak solution for the 2-D liquid crystal flows with the large initial velocity. The uniqueness of weak solution is also proved by using the Littlewood–Paley analysis.     

Automated detection system of single nucleotide polymorphisms using two kinds of functional magnetic nanoparticles

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) comprise the most abundant source of genetic variation in the human genome wide codominant SNPs identification. Therefore, large-scale codominant SNPs identification, especially for those associated with complex diseases, has induced the need for completely high-throughput and automated SNP genotyping method. Herein, we present an automated detection system of SNPs based on two kinds of functional magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and dual-color hybridization. The amido-modified MNPs (NH₂-MNPs) modified with APTES were used for DNA extraction from whole blood directly by electrostatic reaction, and followed by PCR, was successfully performed. Furthermore, biotinylated PCR products were captured on the streptavidin-coated MNPs (SA-MNPs) and interrogated by hybridization with a pair of dual-color probes to determine SNP, then the genotype of each sample can be simultaneously identified by scanning the microarray printed with the denatured fluorescent probes. This system provided a rapid, sensitive and highly versatile automated procedure that will greatly facilitate the analysis of different known SNPs in human genome.