Single- and multi-objective defensive location problems on a network

This paper considers a new optimal location problem, called defensive location problem (DLP). In the DLPs, a decision maker locates defensive facilities in order to prevent her/his enemies from reaching an important site, called a core; for example, “a government of a country locates self-defense bases in order to prevent her/his aggressors from reaching the capital of the country.” It is assumed that the region where the decision maker locates her/his defensive facilities is represented as a network and the core is a vertex in the network, and that the facility locater and her/his enemy are an upper and a lower level of decision maker, respectively. Then the DLPs are formulated as bilevel 0-1 programming problems to find Stackelberg solutions. In order to solve the DLPs efficiently, a solving algorithm for the DLPs based upon tabu search methods is proposed. The efficiency of the proposed solving methods is shown by applying to examples of the DLPs. Moreover, the DLPs are extended to multi-objective DLPs that the decision maker needs to defend several cores simultaneously. Such DLPs are formulated as multi-objective programming problems. In order to find a satisfying solution of the decision maker for the multi-objective DLP, an interactive fuzzy satisfying method is proposed, and the results of applying the method to examples of the multi-objective DLPs are shown.     

高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定克氏原鳌虾中多菌灵残留

建立了高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱测定克氏原鳌虾中多菌灵的新方法。样品在碱性条件下经乙酸乙酯提取,离心,上清液经旋转蒸发浓缩并复溶后采用混合型阳离子(MCX)萃取小柱富集净化。以乙腈和水为流动相,采用C18色谱柱进行梯度洗脱分离。在电喷雾正离子源下,采用多反应监测模式检测。结果表明:多菌灵在0.5～50.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r²)为0.998 5。多菌灵的检出限和定量限分别为0.25μg/kg和0.50μg/kg。当加标水平为0.5、 1. 0、 5. 0和50. 0μg/kg时,加标回收率为83.9%～105.5%,相对标准偏差为1.1%～3.2%(n=6)。该方法能简单、有效地检测出克氏原鳌虾中多菌灵的残留量,且稳定性好,结果可靠。     

Surface organization, light-driven surface changes, and stability of semifluorinated azobenzene polymers

A series of polymers with 4-perfluoroalkyl-modified azobenzene side groups was investigated for its light-induced changes in surface properties. The ultraviolet (UV) light activated trans to cis isomerization of the azobenzene group, and the influence of molecular order and orientation on this process were studied using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. Light-induced molecular reorganization in the near-surface region was studied by NEXAFS using in situ UV irradiation of polymer thin films. Differential scanning calorimetry and wide-angle X-ray scattering studies showed that sufficiently long fluoroalkyl groups formed well-ordered smectic mesophases in the bulk, as well as on the surface, which was evidenced by NEXAFS. The disruption of mesogen packing by photoisomerization was found to be influenced by the fluoroalkyl segment length. Surfaces with perfluorohexyl and perfluorooctyl groups that showed high orientational order were also highly resistant to light-induced changes. In such cases, the trans-cis isomerization resulted in greater lowering of the azobenzene phenyl ring order parameters than the perfluoroalkyl order parameters. UV exposure caused reorientation of the phenyl rings of the azobenzene group, but the terminal perfluoroalkyl segments remained more or less ordered.     

基于金属有机骨架萃取剂的一步式快速固相萃取检测饮料中胭脂红

胭脂红是一种广泛应用的偶氮类色素,我国对其在食品中的添加量有严格规定。由于食品基质的复杂性,针对这类痕量色素很难建立一种灵敏度高、富集性强且高效便捷的检测方法。研究利用卟啉环中的羧基与金属锆离子的配位作用制备了一种高比表面积的金属有机骨架材料(PCN-222),并将纳米材料填入注射式固相萃取装置中,以简化前处理过程,用于快速萃取饮料中胭脂红色素。采用多种表征手段研究了PCN-222纳米材料的形貌、结构及性能。较高的比表面积和静电作用共同决定了新型萃取剂对胭脂红色素具有极强的富集性能。通过优化萃取剂用量、样品溶液pH值、洗脱条件和洗脱剂体积等萃取条件,使目标物实现瞬时吸附,样品前处理时间缩短至5 min。在最佳条件下,该方法可使样品在高、中、低3个水平的加标回收试验中的回收率达到99.5%~109.4%,相对标准偏差小于3%,方法的检出限为0.1 μg/L(S/N=3),定量限为0.3 μg/L(S/N=10)。此外,针对所合成的材料进行萃取-解吸后发现,PCN-222在重复使用4次后仍保持90%以上的萃取能力,表明材料具备可循环性。该方法通过制备的新型金属骨架材料建立了一种高效、便捷、绿色环保的前处理技术,极低的检出限、较高的准确度和较好的重复性表明方法适用于饮料中痕量色素胭脂红的富集和检测。新型固相萃取技术的开发为食品安全检测提供了新思路。     

Determination of oxytetracycline in blood serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with direct injection.

A direct injection analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed for oxytetracycline in serum of animals and fish. A Hisep shielded hydrophobic phase column (15 cm x 4.6 mm I.D.) and a mobile phase of methanol-0.2 M oxalic acid (10:90, v/v, pH 7.0) with ultraviolet detection at 360 nm were used. The standard calibration curves in serum of chicken, hog, cattle and rainbow trout were linear over the range 0.1-20 micrograms/ml. The recoveries of oxytetracycline from all serum samples determined at two different concentrations (0.5 and 2.0 micrograms/ml) were 88-103%. The detection limit was 0.05 micrograms/ml for every serum sample.     

Thermal properties and solubility of ordered aromatic polyamides containing a methyl-substituted phenylene linkage

Ordered aromatic polyamides and copolyamides were prepared by the polycondensation of terephthaloyl and isophthaloyl dichlorides with symmetrical diamines containing preformed amide linkages derived from unsymmetrical methyl—substituted aromatic diamines at low temperature. Thermal properties and solubilities of the ordered polyamides were compared with those of the corresponding random polyamides. There was little difference between thermal stabilities of the ordered polyamide and the corresponding random one, while the former was less soluble in organic solvents than the latter, depending on the extent of hydrogen bonding of the amide groups. The thermal stability of the alternating copolyamides containing both terephthaloyl and isophthaloyl groups as acid components was less than that of the corresponding homopolymers having either a terephthaloyl or an isophthaloyl group, and the solubility of the former resembled that of the corresponding ordered homopolysiophthalamides in accord with the extent of hydrogen bonding of the amide groups in both polymers.