Fragmentation of wastewater sludge floc by planar ice front

Floc size has substantial impact on sludge dewaterability, which might be increased or reduced after freezing and thawing. It is commonly assumed that floc size would be increased by low-speed freezing, with a planar ice front rejecting most flocs ahead of it to form large aggregates. We demonstrate in this work that an advancing planar ice front can not only engulf an activated sludge floc of size 3030 mum, but also fragment it. During floc freezing, when the ice engulfed a thin layer of floc, the latter would be pulled apart vertically by the action of the former. This particular portion of floc was then axially elongated and fixed in the frozen layer, with accumulated force pushing upward. In the present test the floc's vertical length was increased by over 92% and its width decreased by 37% over freezing. The force measurement and floc morphology tracking revealed that the force gradient that pulled apart the floc was 0.0027 N/m. The floc under investigation was fragmented at the point where the normal stress acting on the interior network exceeded 8 Pa.     

用质谱技术对钾、钙同位素体系特征参数测定的初探

报道了用FinniganMAT 2 62质谱技术和同位素稀释法测定了光谱纯CaO和国际二级标准Tahiti(CaCO3)的同位素40 Ca 42 Ca比值以及后者的40 Ca含量 ,RSD分别为 0 .0 2 %和 0 .1 %。对国家钾标样的测定表明 :39K、40 K和41 K同位素丰度分别为 0 .93 2 60± 0 .0 0 1 2、0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0± 0 .0 0 0 0 1 2 9和 0 .0 672 86± 0 .0 0 0 1 2 5。其中39K含量为 0 .1 2 1 72± 0 .0 0 0 2 9,与标准值在误差范围内一致。实验测定结果为在我国开展40 K 40 Ca同位素体系的定年和环境的示踪研究打下了基础     

超临界流体干燥过程的分析

以ZrOCl2•8H2O为原料，采用超临界流体干燥（SCFD）法，在短时间内制备出大孔体积高比表面ZrO2气凝胶超细粉．该法具有良好的稳定性和可靠性．建立了醇凝胶中液相含水量的分析方法，为产品质量控制及确认体系是否处于超临界状态提供了依据．对抽提后的溶剂分析表明，SCFD过程是一物理过程．对水的抽提干燥过程亦进行了初步的理论探讨．     

含胺基功能性单体的聚合研究 Ⅴ.4-N,N-二甲胺基苯乙烯的合成及其作为氧化还原引发体系组分的研究

<正> 前文我们报告了含有芳香叔胺基的丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸-4-N,N-二甲氨基苄酯(DMABMA)在过氧化二月桂酰(LPO)引发下的聚合动力学。从所得的聚合速度方程式及低的聚合活化能,认为DMABMA与LPO形成氧化还原体系而使DMABMA聚合,在本文第Ⅳ报中报道了DMABMA不仅能引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯的聚合,还参与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的链中,因此称这种既能参与引发聚合反应,又参与聚合物链中的引发“引发剂单体(initiatomer)”。这种含有可聚合胺引发体系的优点是,用于丙烯酸酯类医用     

Thermal and mechanical properties of PE/organoclay nanocomposites

Polyethylene/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites were obtained via direct melt intercalation. The clay was organically modified with four different types of quaternary ammonium salts. The objective of this work is to study the use of montmorillonite clay in the production of nanocomposites by means on rheological, mechanical and crystallization properties of nanocomposites and to compare to the properties of the matrix and PE/unmodified clay nanocomposites. In general, the tensile test showed that the yield strength and modulus of the nanocomposites are close to the pure PE. Apparently, the mixture with Dodigen salt seems to be more stable than the pure PE and PE/unmodified clay.     

Density Functional Theory and Low-Temperature Matrix Investigations of CO-Loss Photochemistry from [(C<Subscript>5</Subscript>R<Subscript>5</Subscript>)Ru(CO)<Subscript>2</Subscript>]<Subscript>2</Subscript> (R = H,Me) Complexes

The photochemical CO-loss products of the diruthenium complexes [CpRu(CO) ₂]₂ (5; Cp = ⁵-C₅H₅), [Cp*Ru(CO)₂]₂ (5*; Cp* = ⁵-C₅(CH₃)₅) and CpCp*[Ru(CO)₂]₂ (5) have been studied experimentally in low-temperature (96 K) matrices in 3-methylpentane by using IR spectroscopy. It is proposed that all three complexes undergo single-CO-loss chemistry but that the products have different structures. The single-CO-loss product from 5 is proposed to have one bridging and two terminal carbonyl ligands, whereas 5* and 5 generate triply bridged CO-loss products similar to that observed from [CpFe(CO)₂]₂ and [Cp*Fe(CO)₂]₂. Double-CO-loss from 5* and 5* 9 is also apparently observed. Relativistic DFT calculations have been carried out on various isomers of the starting materials and on potential CO-loss products from 5. The calculations suggest that the triply bridged product Cp₂Ru₂(-CO)₃ (6) might have a singlet ground state in contrast to the corresponding diiron complex Cp₂Fe₂(-CO)₃ (3), which has a triplet ground state.     

Mechanism and control of molecular energy flow: a modeling perspective

 Vibrational energy flow in organic molecules occurs by a multiple-time-scale mechanism that can be modeled by a single exponential only in its initial stages. The mechanism is a consequence of the hierarchical structure of the vibrational Hamiltonian, which leads to diffusion of vibrational wavepackets on a manifold with far fewer than the 3N−6 dimensions of the full vibrational state space. The dynamics are controlled by a local density of states, which does not keep increasing with molecular size. In addition, the number of vibrational coordinates severely perturbed during chemical reaction is small, leading to preservation of the hierarchical structure at chemically interesting energies. This regularity opens up the possibility of controlling chemical reactions by controlling the vibrational energy flow. Computationally, laser control of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution can be modeled by quantum-classical, or by purely quantum-mechanical models of the molecule and control field. Received: 26 July 2002 / Accepted: 30 September 2002 / Published online: 2 December 2002 Electronic Supplementary Material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer Link server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00214-002-0394-2. Acknowledgements. This work was supported by NSF grant CHE 9986670. Correspondence to: M. Gruebele e-mail: gruebele@scs.uiuc.edu     

Evaluation of molecular structure in Langmuir monolayers of zinc stearate and zinc 12-hydroxystearate by IR external reflection spectroscopy

 In situ polarized Fourier transform IR external reflection spectra of Langmuir monolayers of zinc stearate and zinc 12-hydroxystearate on a water surface were recorded for various surface areas, and their molecular structures were estimated. In the zinc stearate monolayer, the wavenumbers and the absorbances of the antisymmetric and symmetric methylene stretching bands did not change during monolayer compression, which means that orientational and conformational changes of the hydrocarbon chain did not occur. However, wavenumber changes of the antisymmetric and symmetric carboxylate stretching bands were observed during surface compression. The change in the binding nature of the zinc cation to the carboxylate group was speculated. Moreover, it was elucidated that the structure of the hydrocarbon chain in the zinc 12-hydroxystearate monolayer was different from that in the zinc stearate monolayer. Received: 21 March 2001 Accepted: 6 July 2001     

双核银络合物[Ag_2(dppm)_2(Py)_2(μ-Cl)]ClO_4的合成与结构

二-(二苯基膦)甲烷(dppm)是一种易与金属形成多核络合物的有机膦配体。我们用dppm作为配体合成了一系列银的多核络合物,并对其结构进行了研究。本文报导了其中一个双核化合物[Ag_2(dppm)_2(Py)_2(μ-Cl)]ClO_4的合成及晶体结构、分子结构的测定。     

Study of a molecular imprinting polymer coated BAW bio-mimic sensor and its application to the determination of caffeine in human serum and urine

A bio-mimic bulk acoustic wave (BAW) sensor was fabricated by coating the caffeine (CAF) template molecular imprinting polymer (MIP). This sensor exhibited high selectivity and a sensitive mass response to CAF. The response range of the sensor was between 5.0 x 10(-9) and 1.0 x 10(-4) M with a detection limit of 5.0 x 10(-9) M at pH 8.0. Recoveries were 96.1-105.6%. Influencing factors were investigated in detail and optimized. When employed to detect real samples, the proposed method proved to be a convenient method with the advantages of high sensitivity, good selectivity and ease of handling.