PHOTOREDUCTION OF PORPHYRINS TO CHLORINS BY TERTIARY AMINES IN THE VISIBLE SPECTRAL RANGE. OPTICAL AND EPR STUDIES

Abstract— The photoreduction of free base porphyrins by tertiary amines in the visible spectral range leads to the formation of chlorin. The increase of the apparent first order rates to yield chlorin is correlated with the inductive effect on the nitrogen of the amine used. A mechanism involving a charge transfer interaction between the photoexcited singlet of the prophyrin and the amine is proposed. The porphyrin radicals formed recombine to form a light sensitive dimer which disproportionates in the dark to yield chlorin and porphyrin. The mechanism is elucidated by the use of EPR, laser and flash photolysis.     

Realizing alternating groups as monodromy groups of genus one covers

We prove that if , a generic Riemann surface of genus 1 admits a meromorphic function (i.e., an analytic branched cover of ) of degree such that every branch point has multiplicity and the monodromy group is the alternating group . To prove this theorem, we construct a Hurwitz space and show that it maps (generically) onto the genus one moduli space.

     

Energy loss of fast quarks in nuclei

We report an analysis of the nuclear dependence of the yield of Drell-Yan dimuons from the 800 GeV/c proton bombardment of 2H, C, Ca, Fe, and W targets. Employing a new formulation of the Drell-Yan process in the rest frame of the nucleus, this analysis examines the effect of initial-state energy loss and shadowing on the nuclear-dependence ratios versus the incident proton's momentum fraction and dimuon effective mass. The resulting energy loss per unit path length is -dE/dz = 2.32+/-0.52+/-0.5 GeV/fm. This is the first observation of a nonzero energy loss of partons traveling in a nuclear environment.     

Characteristic predictions of topological soliton models

Characteristic predictions of the chiral soliton models (the Skyrme model and its extensions) are discussed. The chiral soliton model predictions of low-lying dibaryon states qualitatively agree with recent evidence for the existence of narrow dibaryons in reactions of the inelastic proton scattering on deuterons and the double photon radiation pp→ppγγ. The connection between magnetic moment operators and inertia tensors valid for arbitrary SU(2) skyrmion configurations allows us to estimate the electromagnetic decay width of some states of interest. Predictions of a different type are multibaryons with a nontrivial flavor (strangeness, charm, or bottom), which can be found, in particular, in high-energy heavy ion collisions. It is shown that the large-B multiskyrmions given by the rational map ansatz can be described within the domain-wall approximation or as a spherical bag with the energy and the baryon number density concentrated at the boundary.     

Long-range Coulomb forces in DIS: missed radiative corrections?

The Born approximation, one photon exchange, used for DIS (deep inelastic scattering) is subject to virtual radiative corrections which are related to the long-range Coulomb forces. They may be sizeable for heavy nuclei since Zα is not a small parameter. So far, these corrections are known only for two processes, elastic scattering and bremsstrahlung on the Coulomb field of a point-like target. While the former amplitude acquires only a phase, in the latter case also the cross-section is modified. Although the problem of Coulomb corrections for DIS on nuclei is extremely difficult, it should be challenged rather than “swept under the carpet”. The importance of these radiative corrections is questioned in the present paper. We show that, in the simplest case of a constant hadronic current, the Coulomb corrections provide a phase to the Born amplitude, therefore the cross-section remains the same. Inclusion of more realistic hadronic dynamics changes this conclusion. The example of coherent production of vector mesons off nuclei reveals large effects. So far a little progress has been made deriving lepton wave functions in the Coulomb field of an extended target. Employing available results based on the first-order approximation in Zα, we conclude that the Coulomb corrections are still important for heavy nuclei. We also consider an alternative approach for extended nuclear targets, the eikonal approximation, which we demonstrate to reproduce the known exact results for Coulomb corrections. Calculating electroproduction of vector mesons, we again arrive at a large deviation from the Born approximation. We conclude that one should accept with caution the experimental results for nuclear effects in DIS based on analyses done in the Born approximation. Received: 16 May 2001 / Accepted: 4 July 2001     

Gasless combustion of a mixture with an extremely low caloricity under heat loss conditions

The gasless combustion of a mixture with an extremely low caloric value in a cylindrical channel is numerically simulated. Because of an intense heat loss, on the surface of the reaction front emerge waves, which lead to cyclic changes in the chemical reaction rate, which acquire axial symmetry in the steady-state regime. In the ignition stage, a ring of reaction sites arises at the lateral surface of the sample. In the stage of depression, combustion persists on circular protrusions of the front, whereas a site of products is formed is the central part of the sample.     

In quest of reversibility of Friedel-Crafts acyl rearrangements in the pyrene series

Friedel-Crafts acyl rearrangements in PPA of diacetylpyrenes (80–120 °C), dibenzoylpyrenes (80–200 °C), and bis(4-flurobenzoyl)pyrenes (80–120 °C) and Scholl reactions in AlCl₃/NaCl of dibenzoylpyrenes (140–200 °C) have been studied. The substrates were 1-AcPY, 2-AcPY, 1,3-Ac₂PY, 1,6-Ac₂PY, 1,8-Ac₂PY, 2,7-Ac₂PY, 1-BzPY, 1,6-Bz₂PY, 1,8-Bz₂PY, 1-4FBzPY, 1,6-4FBz₂PY, 1,8-4FBz₂PY. The mixtures of pyrene, 1-AcPY, 2-AcPY, 1,3-Ac₂PY, 1,6-Ac₂PY, 1,8-Ac₂PY, and 2,7-Ac₂PY were separated by HPLC. The following reversible intermolecular isomerizations were established: 1,6-Ac₂PY ? 1,8-Ac₂PY, 1,6-Bz₂PY ? 1,8-Bz₂PY, and 1,6-4'FBz₂PY ? 1,8-4'FBz₂PY, albeit not in high yields. The results substantiate Gore’s 1955 proposition that “The Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction of reactive aromatic hydrocarbons is a reversible process.” The isomerizations reported here differ from the few previously reported completely reversible intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acyl rearrangements. At ≥ 140 °C, in PPA and in AlCl₃/NaCl, 1,6-Bz₂PY and 1,8-Bz₂PY underwent a highly regioselective double Scholl reaction to give pyranthrone (3) and deacylations to 1-BzPy (and pyrene), followed by mono-Scholl reactions to give 8H-dibenzo[def,qr]chrysen-8-one (1), and 11H-indeno[2,1-a]pyren-11-one (2). The formation of 3 and not the expected tribenzo[a,ghi,o]perylene-7,16-dione (4) from 1,8-Bz₂PY indicates that 1,8-Bz₂PY has first undergone isomerization to 1,6-Bz₂PY. The present study confirms the linkage between Friedel-Crafts acyl rearrangements and the Scholl reaction.

     

On the quantization of SU(3) skyrmions

The quantization condition derived previously for SU(2) solitons quantized with SU(3) collective coordinates is generalized for SU(3) skyrmions with nonzero strangeness content. Quantization of the recently discovered dipole-type configuration with large strangeness content is considered as an example. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 64, No. 6, 391–396 (25 September 1996) This study was supported by the Russian Fund for Fundamental Research, Grant 95-02-03868a and by Volkswagenstiftung, FRG. Published in English in the original Russian journal. Edited by Steve Torstveit.     

Approximate analytical solutions of the baby Skyrme model

We show that many properties of the baby skyrmions, which have been determined numerically, can be understood in terms of an analytic approximation. In particular, we show that the approximation captures properties of the multiskyrmion solutions (derived numerically) such as their stability towards decay into various channels, and that it is more accurate for the “new baby Skyrme model” describing anisotropic physical systems in terms of multiskyrmion fields with axial symmetry. Some universal characteristics of configurations of this kind are demonstrated that are independent of their topological number.