Higher Harmonic Operations of Submillimeter Wave Gyrotrons (Gyrotron FU Series)

Higher harmonic operation of gyrotrons is necessary to obtain high frequencies. Some gyrotrons included in the Gyrotron FU series developed at Fukui University have achieved operation at the third and even fourth harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. The output lies in the millimeter to submillimeter wavelength range and the output powers are several watts to several tens of watts. In this paper, the gyrotrons and the conditions under which they operate are described in detail.     

Scaling contributions to the free energy in the 1/n expansion of O(n) nonlinear sigma models in d-dimensions

Within the 1/N expansion of O(N) nonlinear σ models for d≤4 it is possible to separate consistently the spin-wave and the massive-mode contributions to the scaling part of the free energy near criticality, and to evaluate them to O(1/N). For critical dimensions d=2+2/n the Abe-Hikami anomaly is recovered, while for d=2 the removal of the spin-wave term is justified.     

Inverse estimation of indoor airflow patterns using singular value decomposition

The fast pace in the development of indoor sensors and communication technologies is allowing a great amount of sensor data to be utilized in various areas of indoor air applications, such as estimating indoor airflow patterns. The development of such an inverse model and the design of a sensor system to collect appropriate data are discussed in this study. Algebraic approaches, including singular value decomposition (SVD), are evaluated as methods to inversely estimate airflow patterns given limited sensor measurements. In lieu of actual sensor data, computational fluid dynamics data are used to evaluate the accuracy of the airflow patterns estimated by the inverse models developed in this study. It was found that the airflow patterns estimated by the linear inverse SVD model were as accurate as those estimated by the nonlinear inverse-multizone model. For the zones tested, sensor measurements along on the walls and near the inlet and outlet provided the greatest improvement in the accuracy of the estimated airflow patterns when compared with the results using measurements from other locations.     

Hölder’s inequalities involving the infinite product and their applications in martingale spaces

We prove Hölder type inequalities for integrals and conditional expectations involving the infinite product. Moreover, a generalized Doob maximal operator is introduced and weighted inequalities for this operator are established.     

S-Wave Shape Resonances in the Ps− System

We have investigated the S-wave shape resonance states of the positronium negative ion (Ps^?) system. The resonance poles are traced from H^? system to Ps^? by systematically varying the mass of the positively charged particle from infinitely heavy to one unit of the electron mass. The shape resonances that associated with and lying above the Ps(N = 2, 3, 4 and 5) thresholds are located by employing the complex-coordinate rotation method with highly correlated Hylleraas-type wave functions. It has been shown that the Ps^?(N = 3) shape resonance lies at an energy which is higher than the Ps(N = 4) thresholds and even the Ps^?(N = 4) shape resonance. An explanation was given to shed light on such phenomena.     

Thin film flowing down a curved surface

The film flow down a curved surface is analysed by an orthogonal curvilinear system and a perturbation in the small ratio of film thickness to minimum radius of curvature. General solutions are obtained to second order. The results are applied to plates with exponential curvature and sinusoidal curvature. Separation is most likely to occur on the upstream sides of a wavy plate.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird die Strömung einer dünnen Schicht entlang einer gekrümmten Fläche untersucht, mit Hilfe eines krummlinigen orthogonalen Koordinatensystems und einer Entwicklung, bei dem das Verhältnis von Schichtdicke zu (minimalem) Krümmungsradius als kleiner Parameter dient. Es werden allgemeine Lösungen bis zur zweiten Ordnung angegeben. Die Ergebnisse werden auf Platten mit exponentieller und sinusförmiger Krümmung angewendet. Ablösung wird am wahrscheinlichsten an Stellen stromaufwärts an einer gewellten Platte auftreten.

     

Interfacial reactions of rf-sputtered TiNi thin films on (100) silicon with a SiN diffusion barrier

Silicon nitride (SiN) with a 50?nm thickness on Si(100) as a thermal barrier was obtained by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD). TiNi thin films were rf sputtered on a SiN/Si substrate and then annealed at 400–700°C for 30?min. Their interfacial reactions were studied using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy analyses. Experimental results show that the thickness of reaction layer in TiNi/SiN/Si specimens is clearly reduced, compared with that in TiNi/Si specimens under the same annealing conditions. The significant effect of the SiN layer as a diffusion barrier in TiNi/SiN/Si can be recognized. N and Si atoms diffuse from the SiN layer to react with TiNi films at 500°C and 600°C respectively. The TiN_{1 ? x} phase is formed in specimens annealed at 500°C, and mixed Ti₂Ni₃Si and Ti₄Ni₂O compounds are found at 600°C. In the specimen annealed at 700°C, the reaction layer has sublayers in the sequence TiNi/Ti₄Ni₂O/Ti₂Ni₃Si/TiN_{1 ? x} /SiN/Si. The SiN thermal barrier obtained by PECVD caused quite different diffusion species to cross the interfaces between TiNi/SiN/Si and TiNi/Si specimens during the annealing.     

Periodic antiphase boundary spinel-based structures in aluminates,gallates, aluminium oxynitrides and transition aluminas

The crystallographic structures of several transition aluminas possessing a face-centred cubic packing of oxygen anions can be considered as deriving from that of a non-stoichiometric spinel. However, they are not yet known in detail owing to the poor crystallinity of most of the samples studied by X-ray or electron diffraction. Conversely, relatively large crystals have been produced in the case of non-stoichiometric spinels in the alumina-rich (or Ga₂O₃-rich) parts of the Al₂O₃–AlN, Al₂O₃–MgO, Al₂O₃–NiO, Al₂O₃–Li₂O and Ga₂O₃–MgO systems. Detailed studies of their diffraction patterns have shown that all these phases possess periodic antiphase boundary (PAPB) structures based on the spinel structure. In the case of the so-called δ-transition aluminas, various structural models have been previously proposed and in this paper we are focusing on the striking similarities between their diffraction patterns and those of several metastable PAPB aluminate structures. This makes it possible to show that at least three distinct PAPB structures must be taken into account in the case of δ-transition aluminas. APB planes are either {100} or {110} whereas APB vectors are either 1/2??001? or 1/4??110? when referring to the spinel structure. Neighbouring octahedral and tetrahedral incompatible sites are observed in the vicinity of each APB and cation vacancies are shown to occupy these octahedral sites.