Recent advances in understanding the origin of martensite aging phenomena in shape memory alloys

The martensite aging phenomena (martensite stabilization and rubber-like behavior) found in many shape memory alloys have puzzled material scientists for over 60 years without a definite answer. In this article we critically reviewed previous models to understand the aging phenomena, which include pseudotwin-type model, LRO model, SRO model, twinning dislocation model, and domain (twin) boundary pinning model. We showed that these models failed to meet generality criterion, although being able to explain the phenomena to some extent. Then we focused on a very recent general model (Ren and Otsuka, Nature, 389, 579–582, 1997) which makes use of only two common features of martensitic transformation and aging, i.e., diffusionless symmetry change during martensitic transformation and diffusion during aging. This model appears to be able to explain all of the available experimental observations on the aging phenomena. In view of recent development in this field, we have reason to believe that we are approaching the final solution to the aging problem.     

太赫兹源场致发射电子源

通过粒子模拟(PIC)软件模拟计算了在ps级别下二极与三极结构碳纳米管场致发射的电流密度与电子注聚焦性能。阳极电压在2 kV时,二极结构下电流密度达到1.85 A/cm2;三极结构下,栅压700 V时发射电流密度达到2.3 A/cm2,且在一定的三极结构参数与电极电压下,可以获得较好的电子注聚束效果。通过碳纳米管二极管发射实验,获得了6.6 A/cm2的发射电流密度,总发射电流达到52.1 mA,可以为太赫兹器件提供连续发射的电子注。     

Effect of phosphor settling on the optical performance of phosphor-converted white light-emitting diode

Phosphor settling phenomena exists during the phosphor coating process in the light emitting diode (LED) packaging industry. It is perceived that phosphor settling will affect the concentration of the phosphor, and consequently the concentration will influence the optical performance of phosphor-converted white LED light source. In this paper, an experiment based on the real packaging process was conducted to investigate the phosphor settling phenomena. It was found that the concentration variation of the phosphor embedded in the silicone matrix was very small (less than 1%). Based on the observation of the experiments, the effect of the phosphor settling in the silicone matrix on light extraction efficiency (LEE), correlated color temperature (CCT), angular color uniformity (ACU) and light intensity distribution curve (LIDC) was investigated and discussed by the three dimensional Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulations. It was discovered that the effect of the phosphor settling on the optical performance could be neglected when using the present packaging process.     

Thermopower and transport mechanism of the La2−xSrxCu0.94Ti0.06O4 system

The thermal properties and their relationship to the charge transport properties of the La_2?xSr_xCu_0.94Ti_0.06O₄ solid solution series have been investigated by means of electric resistivity and thermopower measurements. The different changes of the broad peak in S–T curves for Sr-doped samples were observed, which may result from the itinerant hole carriers. The transport mechanism of La_2?xSr_xCu_0.94Ti_0.06O₄ is mainly dominated by the small-polaron hopping due to the discrepancy in the activation energy derived from the resistivity and the thermoelectric power. The small polarons are not originated from the magnetic coupling between magnetic ions and hole spins, but from the coupling between the phonon with a breathing mode and the hole carriers.     

Tetrabutylammonium iodide catalyzed synthesis of allylic ester with tert-butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant

A metal-free C-H oxidation for the construction of allylic esters has been developed. The use of a commercially available and inexpensive catalyst and oxidant, and readily available starting materials, coupled with the operational simplicity of the reaction, renders the methodology a useful alternative to other approaches typically employed in the synthesis of allylic esters.     

Dielectric characteristics of CaCu3Ti4O12/P(VDF-TrFE) nanocomposites

Composite thin film is highly desirable for the dielectric applications. In order to develop composite thin film, a nanocomposite, in which nanosized CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ (CCTO) particles are used as filler and P(VDF?CTrFE) 55/45 mol% copolymer is used as polymer matrix, is investigated. The contents of CCTO in the nanocomposites range from 0% to 50?vol%. The dielectric property of these nanocomposites was characterized at frequencies ranging from 100 Hz to 1 MHz and at temperatures ranging from 200 K to 370 K. A dielectric constant of 62 with a loss of 0.05 was obtained in nanocomposite with 50?vol% CCTO at room temperature at 1 kHz. At the phase transition temperature (??340?K) of the copolymer, a dielectric constant of 150 with a loss less than 0.1 was obtained in this nanocomposite. It is found that the dielectric loss of the nanocomposites is dominated by the polymer which has a relaxation process. Comparing to composites made using microsized CCTO, the nanocomposites exhibit a much lower dielectric loss and a lower dielectric constant. This indicates that the nanosized CCTO particles have a lower dielectric constant than the microsized CCTO particles.     

基于等阻抗差分段法的变阻抗线电路模拟

新型Z箍缩驱动源系统采用变阻抗线结构形式的径向阻抗变换器进行能量传递和变换,为了获得最大的能量效率,需要应用电路模拟方法研究变阻抗线传递功率的特性。采用了等阻抗差分段法对变阻抗线进行了建模计算,与以往的等长度分段方法比较,在相同的分段数量下,等阻抗差分段法在阻抗变化的连续性上优于等长度分段法。给出了具有指数形式的变阻抗线的算例,分别采用两种分段法进行了计算,对计算结果的比较表明:等阻抗差分段法可以使计算更快地收敛到真实解。     

圆柱外表面受热冲击问题的广义热弹性分析

基于 L-S 广义热弹性理论, 针对实心圆柱体在外表面受均匀热冲击作用下的一维广义热弹性问题进行研究分析. 利用热冲击的瞬时特征, 借助于 Laplace 正、反变换技术及柱函数的渐近性质, 推导了热冲击作用周期内温度场、位移场和应力场的渐近表达式. 通过计算, 得到了热冲击条件下各物理场的分布规律以及延迟效应和耦合效应对热弹性响应的影响规律. 结果表明: 当考虑延迟效应和耦合效应时, 热扰动将以两组速度不同的波的形式向前传播, 延迟效应和耦合效应对各物理场的建立时间, 阶跃间隔和阶跃峰值均产生影响, 且延迟效应和耦合效应均在一定程度上削弱了热冲击的作用效果.      

低渗岩心驱替过程中的压力分布特征研究

考虑低渗岩心的应力敏感性,通过实验和数值计算,研究了一维水驱油过程中,压力的分布及变化规律,并对其影响因素进行了分析. 结果表明：压力分布由于受到应力敏感性的影响而显示出明显的非线性特征,在前缘面处存在一个明显的分界点;应力敏感性程度、黏度比对压力分布的影响较大.