DAD-Net: Classification of Alzheimer’s Disease Using ADASYN Oversampling Technique and Optimized Neural Network

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurological brain disorder that causes dementia and neurological dysfunction, affecting memory, behavior, and cognition. Deep Learning (DL), a kind of Artificial Intelligence (AI), has paved the way for new AD detection and automation methods. The DL model’s prediction accuracy depends on the dataset’s size. The DL models lose their accuracy when the dataset has an imbalanced class problem. This study aims to use the deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to develop a reliable and efficient method for identifying Alzheimer’s disease using MRI. In this study, we offer a new CNN architecture for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease with a modest number of parameters, making it perfect for training a smaller dataset. This proposed model correctly separates the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease and displays class activation patterns on the brain as a heat map. The proposed Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease Network (DAD-Net) is developed from scratch to correctly classify the phases of Alzheimer’s disease while reducing parameters and computation costs. The Kaggle MRI image dataset has a severe problem with class imbalance. Therefore, we used a synthetic oversampling technique to distribute the image throughout the classes and avoid the problem. Precision, recall, F1-score, Area Under the Curve (AUC), and loss are all used to compare the proposed DAD-Net against DEMENET and CNN Model. For accuracy, AUC, F1-score, precision, and recall, the DAD-Net achieved the following values for evaluation metrics: 99.22%, 99.91%, 99.19%, 99.30%, and 99.14%, respectively. The presented DAD-Net outperforms other state-of-the-art models in all evaluation metrics, according to the simulation results.     

Lentinus edodes Polysaccharides Alleviate Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a kind of lung disease with acute dyspnea, pulmonary inflammation, respiratory distress, and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, accompanied by the mid- and end-stage characteristics of COVID-19, clinically. It is imperative to find non-toxic natural substances on preventing ALI and its complications. The animal experiments demonstrated that Lentinus edodes polysaccharides (PLE) had a potential role in alleviating ALI by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation, which was manifested by reducing the levels of serum lung injury indicators (C3, hs-CRP, and GGT), reducing the levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), and increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in the lung. Furthermore, PLE had the typical characteristics of pyran-type linked by β-type glycosidic linkages. The conclusions indicated that PLE could be used as functional foods and natural drugs in preventing ALI.     

Reversible hydrogenation restores defected graphene to graphene

Graphene as a two-dimensional material is prone to hydrocarbon contaminations,which can significantly alter its intrinsic electrical properties.Herein,we implem...     

节瘤缺陷激光损伤的研究进展

在近红外反射类激光薄膜中,节瘤缺陷是引起薄膜激光损伤的主要因素。为了提高激光薄膜的损伤阈值,对节瘤缺陷及其损伤特性进行研究具有重要意义。从真实节瘤缺陷和人工节瘤缺陷两个方面介绍节瘤缺陷的研究进展。基于真实节瘤缺陷的研究,建立了节瘤缺陷的结构特征,形成了节瘤缺陷损伤特性和损伤机制的初步认识,利用时域有限差分法(FDTD)模拟了电场增强,初步解释了节瘤缺陷的损伤机制,发明了抑制节瘤缺陷种子源的方法和激光预处理技术,减少了节瘤缺陷,提高了薄膜损伤阈值。但是真实节瘤缺陷的性质,如种子源尺寸、吸收性以及位置深度等,都难以控制和预测,难以开展节瘤缺陷损伤特性的系统和量化研究,致使关于节瘤缺陷损伤的科学认识尚有不足。基于人工节瘤缺陷的研究,可以实现节瘤缺陷损伤特性的系统、量化甚至单一因素研究,极大地提高了实验研究的效率和可靠性,获得了一系列定量损伤规律。人工节瘤缺陷的高度受控性使实验研究与理论模拟的可靠对比成为可能,人工节瘤缺陷的损伤形貌和FDTD电场模拟的直接比较实验不仅验证了时域有限差分法(FDTD)模拟电场的正确性,也进一步明确了电场增强是诱导节瘤缺陷损伤的主要机制。对节瘤缺陷的损伤机制有了更为深刻的认识后,人们开始调控节瘤缺陷的电场增强效应提高节瘤缺陷的损伤阈值,发展了宽角度反射薄膜技术和节瘤缺陷平坦化技术,抑制电场增强,提高损伤阈值。这扩展了控制节瘤缺陷的思路和方法,从原来单一的去除节瘤缺陷到调控节瘤缺陷,为进一步提高薄膜的损伤阈值开辟了新的方向和途径。     

PdNi/Ni Nanotubes Assembled by Mesoporous Nanoparticles for Efficient Alkaline Ethanol Oxidation Reaction

The optimization of structure and composition is essential to improve the performance of catalysts. Herein, mesoporous nanoparticles assembled PdNi/Ni nanotubes (mPdNi/Ni NTs) are successfully fabricated using nickel nanowires as sacrificial template. The combination of nanotubular structure with mesoporous nanoparticle morphology can provide facilitated transfer channels and sufficient active sites, allowing the full contact and reaction between catalysts and reactants. Therefore, the synthesized mPdNi/Ni NTs exhibite superior ethanol oxidation performance to mesoporous Pd nanotubes and commercial Pd black. This study proposes a rational strategy for the development of nanoparticle assembled nanotubes with surface mesoporous morphology, which can greatly improve catalytic performance in various electrocatalytic fields.     

Multi-Step Continuous-Flow Organic Synthesis: Opportunities and Challenges

Continuous-flow multi-step synthesis takes the advantages of microchannel flow chemistry and may transform the conventional multi-step organic synthesis by using integrated synthetic systems. To realize the goal, however, innovative chemical methods and techniques are urgently required to meet the significant remaining challenges. In the past few years, by using green reactions, telescoped chemical design, and/or novel in-line separation techniques, major and rapid advancement has been made in this direction. This minireview summarizes the most recent reports (2017–2020) on continuous-flow synthesis of functional molecules. Notably, several complex active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been prepared by the continuous-flow approach. Key technologies to the successes and remaining challenges are discussed. These results exemplified the feasibility of using modern continuous-flow chemistry for complex synthetic targets, and bode well for the future development of integrated, automated artificial synthetic systems.     

锆氢催化的酰胺硼氢化合成胺类化合物研究:机理、使用范围和应用

发展温和条件下胺类化合物的高效合成方法是催化与合成领域长期研究的课题.其中,酰胺还原因其原料来源广、易于合成而广受关注.酰胺还原到胺需要选择性断裂C=O键,因此该反应具有很大的挑战性.传统酰胺还原方法需要使用当量的强还原试剂,如四氢铝锂、硼氢化钠等,且官能团兼容性较差.使用氢气还原原子经济性最高,也最有吸引力;然而,目前已报道的体系大都在高温(>120℃)或高压(>40 bar H2)的条件下进行.虽然催化硼氢化可以在温和的条件下将羰基化合物还原,但由于酰胺化合物惰性比较高,其选择性的催化硼氢化研究则相对较少,而且在温和条件下对三级、二级、一级酰胺都适用的例子依然非常有限.本文采用前过渡金属锆氢催化剂实现了室温条件下酰胺选择性硼氢化制备胺类化合物,并进行了详细的机理研究.原位红外监测到反应过程中酰胺和硼烷逐渐减少,目标产物逐渐增多;但并未给出其他反应中间体的信息.核磁研究以及对照实验结果表明,反应中有苯甲醛的生成,可能是反应中间体.因此推测,该催化体系经历了锆氢介导的酰胺C?N键断裂、重组、C?O键断裂这一特殊的酰胺键活化转化过程.DFT计算也证实了上述反应历程的可行性.除一些常见官能团外,本方法对羧酸酯、氰基、硝基、烯烃和炔烃这些可能被硼氢化的官能团同样具有兼容性.而且本文体系对一些生物、药物分子衍生酰胺的硼氢化也可以顺利进行.可见,本文发展了一种温和条件下使用廉价催化剂和原料选择性合成胺类化合物的方法.     

在线液膜萃取富集流动注射分光光度法测定水中挥发酚

选用无毒性的磷酸三丁酯为流动载体，煤油为膜溶剂的液膜萃取体系，建立了液膜在线萃取富集流动注射分光光度法测定水中挥发酚的新方法。对实验条件进行了优化，在最优条件下，方法的检出限为0．0007mg/L；线性范围为0．001～0．01mg/L。应用于自来水及河水中挥发酚的检测，结果满意。     

Characterization of framework and extra-framework aluminum species in non-hydrated zeolites Y by 27Al spin-echo, high-speed MAS, and MQMAS NMR spectroscopy at B0 = 9.4 to 17.6 T

27Al spin-echo, high-speed MAS (nu(rot) = 30 kHz), and MQMAS NMR spectroscopy in magnetic fields of B0 = 9.4, 14.1, and 17.6 T were applied for the study of aluminum species at framework and extra-framework positions in non-hydrated zeolites Y. Non-hydrated gamma-Al2O3 and non-hydrated aluminum-exchanged zeolite Y (Al,Na-Y) and zeolite H,Na-Y were utilized as reference materials. The solid-state 27Al NMR spectra of steamed zeolite deH,Na-Y/81.5 were found to consist of four signals. The broad low-field signal is caused by a superposition of the signals of framework aluminum atoms in the vicinity of bridging hydroxyl protons and framework aluminum atoms compensated in their negative charge by aluminum cations (delta(iso) = 70 +/- 10 ppm, C(QCC) = 15.0 +/- 1.0 MHz). The second signal is due to a superposition of the signals of framework aluminum atoms compensated by sodium cations and tetrahedrally coordinated aluminum atoms in neutral extra-framework aluminum oxide clusters (delta(iso) = 65 +/- 5 ppm, C(QCC) = 8.0 +/- 0.5 MHz). The residual two signals were attributed to aluminum cations (delta(iso) = 35 +/- 5 ppm, C(QCC) = 7.5 +/- 0.5 MHz) and octahedrally coordinated aluminum atoms in neutral extra-framework aluminum oxide clusters (delta(iso) = 10 +/- 5 ppm, C(QCC) = 5.0 +/- 0.5 MHz). By chemical analysis and evaluating the relative solid-state 27Al NMR intensities of the different signals of aluminum species occurring in zeolite deH,Na-Y/81.5 in the non-hydrated state, the aluminum distribution in this material was determined.     

Structures and energies of coadsorbed CO and H2 on Fe5C2(001), Fe5C2(110), and Fe5C2(100)

Density functional theory calculations have been carried out on the CO/H2 coadsorption on the (001), (110), and (100) surfaces of Fe5C2 for the understanding of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) mechanism. The stable surface species changes with the variation of the H2 and CO coverage. Along with dissociated hydrogen and adsorbed CO in 2-, 3-, and 4-fold configurations, methylidyne (C(s)H) (C(s), surface carbon), ketenylidene (C(s)CO), ketenyl (C(s)HCO), ketene (C(s)H2CO), and carbon suboxide (C(s)C2O2) are computed as thermodynamically stable surface species on Fe5C2(001) and Fe5C2(110) containing both surface iron and carbon atoms. These surface carbon species can be considered as the preliminary stages for FTS. On Fe5C2(100) with only iron atoms on the surface layer, the stable surface species is dissociated hydrogen and CO with top and 2-fold configurations. The bonding nature of these adsorbed carbon species has been analyzed.