全文获取类型
收费全文 | 32124篇 |
免费 | 1226篇 |
国内免费 | 195篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 21741篇 |
晶体学 | 299篇 |
力学 | 1051篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
数学 | 2937篇 |
物理学 | 7516篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 173篇 |
2022年 | 463篇 |
2021年 | 556篇 |
2020年 | 493篇 |
2019年 | 523篇 |
2018年 | 410篇 |
2017年 | 388篇 |
2016年 | 870篇 |
2015年 | 754篇 |
2014年 | 964篇 |
2013年 | 1790篇 |
2012年 | 2266篇 |
2011年 | 2551篇 |
2010年 | 1540篇 |
2009年 | 1316篇 |
2008年 | 2052篇 |
2007年 | 1929篇 |
2006年 | 1849篇 |
2005年 | 1670篇 |
2004年 | 1477篇 |
2003年 | 1183篇 |
2002年 | 1150篇 |
2001年 | 777篇 |
2000年 | 666篇 |
1999年 | 407篇 |
1998年 | 306篇 |
1997年 | 337篇 |
1996年 | 390篇 |
1995年 | 309篇 |
1994年 | 321篇 |
1993年 | 310篇 |
1992年 | 301篇 |
1991年 | 232篇 |
1990年 | 190篇 |
1989年 | 178篇 |
1988年 | 165篇 |
1987年 | 147篇 |
1986年 | 118篇 |
1985年 | 210篇 |
1984年 | 140篇 |
1983年 | 126篇 |
1982年 | 147篇 |
1981年 | 118篇 |
1980年 | 100篇 |
1979年 | 97篇 |
1978年 | 101篇 |
1977年 | 111篇 |
1976年 | 120篇 |
1975年 | 121篇 |
1973年 | 134篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
141.
Jin Kyu Park Dong Hun Lee Bok Ju Song Jae Buem Oh Hwan Kyu Kim 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2006,44(3):1326-1342
We have designed and synthesized novel perfluorinated polyimides with 3D controlled structure. At first, we successfully developed the new synthetic routes to diamines with pendant bulky perfluorinated aromatic units in a multi‐step synthetic procedure. Novel perfluorinated polyimides were prepared in a two‐step reaction in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) solution: The first step was for the synthesis of polyamic acids (PAAs) and the second reaction was for the imidization of PAA. The polymer yield was over 89% and the inherent viscosity of PAAs was in the range of 0.24–0.36 dL/g. The thin films were prepared by spin‐coating the PAA solution in NMP onto various substrates such as a Si wafer or a KBr pellet, dried at 80 °C and further cured at 230 °C. The resultant polyimides are thermally stable over 400 °C. The refractive index and birefringence of the resultant polyimides are 1.5858–1.6452 and 0.01–0.005, respectively. The refractive index of polyimide decreases with increasing the fluorine content. The copolymerization and the ether linkages into the backbone reduce the birefringence of polyimides. Surprisingly, the pendant ether linkage is not a crucial factor in reducing the polyimide birefringence. Their birefringence is comparatively very low, compared with that of previous polyimides. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1326–1342, 2006 相似文献
142.
Chae Kyu Kim Eun Seok Song Hyung Joo Kim Chiyoung Park Young Chul Kim Jai Kyeong Kim Jae Woong Yu Chulhee Kim 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2006,44(1):254-263
We have synthesized conjugated dendrimer with triazine peripheries, and their luminescence properties were investigated. The dendrimers consist of dendritic triazine wedges for electron transport, distyrylbenzene core as an emitting moiety, and t‐butyl peripheral groups for good processing properties. The dendrimers have LUMO values of about ?2.7 eV possibly because of the triazine moiety with high electron affinity. Photoluminescence study indicates that energy transfer occurs from the triazine wedges to the stilbene bridge, and finally to the core chromophore units due to a cascade decrease of bandgap from the peripheral wedge to core moiety. Therefore, the emission wavelength was determined by the structure of the core unit. The energy transfer efficiency of distyrylbenzene‐cored dendrimers was about 75 and 55% for Trz‐1GD‐DSB and Trz‐2GD‐DSB, respectively. A preliminary electroluminescence property also was investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 254–263, 2006 相似文献
143.
T.W. Lim S.H. Park D.Y. Yang H.J. Kong K.S. Lee 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2006,84(4):379-383
A nano-surfacing process (NSP) is proposed to directly fabricate three-dimensional (3D) concavo–convex-shaped microstructures such as micro-lens arrays using two-photon polymerization (TPP), a promising technique for fabricating arbitrary 3D highly functional micro-devices. In TPP, commonly utilized methods for fabricating complex 3D microstructures to date are based on a layer-by-layer accumulating technique employing two-dimensional sliced data derived from 3D computer-aided design data. As such, this approach requires much time and effort for precise fabrication. In this work, a novel single-layer exposure method is proposed in order to improve the fabricating efficiency for 3D concavo–convex-shaped microstructures. In the NSP, 3D microstructures are divided into 13 sub-regions horizontally with consideration of the heights. Those sub-regions are then expressed as 13 characteristic colors, after which a multi-voxel matrix (MVM) is composed with the characteristic colors. Voxels with various heights and diameters are generated to construct 3D structures using a MVM scanning method. Some 3D concavo–convex-shaped microstructures were fabricated to estimate the usefulness of the NSP, and the results show that it readily enables the fabrication of single-layered 3D microstructures. PACS 85.40.Hp; 81.16.Nd; 42.82.Cr 相似文献
144.
J.-S. Kang G. Kim S.S. Lee S. Choi S. Cho S.W. Han H.J. Shin B.I. Min 《Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials》2006
The spatial concentration distribution and local electronic structure of ferromagnetic Ge1−xTx (T=Cr, Mn, Fe) DMS single crystals have been investigated by using scanning photoelectron microscopy (SPEM), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and photoemission spectroscopy (PES). It is found that doped T ions in Ge1−xTx crystals are chemically phase-separated, suggesting that the observed ferromagnetism arises from the phase-separated T-rich phases in Ge1−xTx. 相似文献
145.
146.
Chi-So Lee 《中国化学会会志》1987,34(3):207-210
A differential pulse polarographic method for the determination of nitrate ion has been developed. With 0.5 M CaCl2 as supporting electrolyte, NO?3 is reduced to give a peak with E1/2=–1.836 Volt vs. the Ag/AgCl electrode. The differential pulse polarographic peak height is proportional to the nitrate concentration from 20 to 60 ppm. The detection limit for nitrate is 2 ppm in pure aqueous solution. In the determination of 40 ppm nitrate a relative precision (relative standard deviation) of less than 2% was achieved. Nitrite interferes seriously and should be absent if accurate results are required. The method has been applied to the determination of nitrate in Ammonium Uranyl Tricarbonate (AUT) Solution, results obtained by this method are compared to those obtained by ion chromatography. The agreement between the two sets of results suggests that the DPP method can be used with a fair degree of confidence. 相似文献
147.
M.-K. Lee Y.-C. Tseng C.-H. Chu 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1998,67(5):541-543
2 tungsten lamp at 1.83 mA excited by a 0.85-mW 675-nm laser diode. We also demonstrate that the dark current could be greatly
reduced through rapid thermal oxidation and rapid thermal annealing.
Received: 4 August 1997/Accepted: 28 May 1998 相似文献
148.
J. Telser H. -I. Lee E. T. Smith H. Huang P. Brereton M. W. W. Adams R. C. Conover M. K. Johnson B. M. Hoffman 《Applied magnetic resonance》1998,14(2-3):305-321
The hyperthermophilic archaeonPyrococcus furiosus contains a four-Fe ferredoxin (Pf- Fd) that differs from most other 4Fe-Fd’s in that its [Fe4S4] cluster is anchored to protein by only three cysteinyl residues.Pf- Fd also is of interest because in its reduced form, [Fe4S4]+, the cluster exhibits bothS = 1/2 andS = 3/2 spin states. Addition of excess cyanide ion converts the cluster exclusively to anS = 1/2 state (g1 = 2.09, g2 = 1.95, g3 = 1.92), however dialysis restores the EPR signal of native reduced protein indicating that the cluster is not irreversibly altered by cyanide. Both the native protein and protein in the presence of excess cyanide ion (Pf- Fd 4Fe-CN) were investigated here using the techniques of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy. In particular,Pf- Fd 4Fe-CN was investigated using13CN? and C15N? ligands.13C and15N ENDOR indicated that a single cyanide ion bound directly, with the cluster showing an unusually small contact interaction (aiso(13C)~ ?3 MHz, aiso(15N) ~ 0). This is in contrast to cyanide bound to monomeric low-spin Fe(III)-containing proteins such as transferrin and myoglobin, for which the13C hyperfine coupling has a large isotropic component (aiso(13C) ≈ ?30 MHz). This small contact interaction is not due to low spin density of Fe, as57Fe ENDOR of the singly and triply labeledPf- Fd 4FeCN isotopologs, [57FeFe3S4]+ and [Fe57Fe3S4]+, show hyperfine coupling characteristic for [Fe4S4]+ clusters, particularly for the Fe to which cyanide binds. Thus, the low spin density on13C is not due to low spin density on the Fe ion to which it binds. Further theoretical work is needed to explain the contrast between the strong electronic effect of cyanide ion binding with the low spin density on the ligand. 相似文献
149.
150.