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391.
Goda K Mikhailov EE Miyakawa O Saraf S Vass S Weinstein A Mavalvala N 《Optics letters》2008,33(2):92-94
We report the generation of a stable continuous-wave low-frequency squeezed vacuum field with a squeezing level of 7.4+/-0.1 dB at 1064 nm, the wavelength at which laser-interferometric gravitational wave (GW) detectors operate, using periodically poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP) in a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator. The squeezing was observed in a broad band of frequencies above 700 Hz where the sensitivity of the currently operational GW detectors is limited by shot noise. PPKTP has the advantages of higher nonlinearity, smaller pump-induced seed absorption, and wider temperature tuning range than alternative nonlinear materials such as MgO-doped or periodically poled LiNbO3, and is, therefore, an excellent material for generation of squeezed vacuum fields for application to laser interferometers for GW detection. 相似文献
392.
Becker JJ Blaylock GT Bolton T Brown JS Bunnell KO Burnett TH Cassell RE Coffman D Cook V Coward DH Dorfan DE Dubois GP Duncan AL Eigen G Einsweiler KF Eisenstein BI Freese T Gladding G Grancagnolo F Grab C Hamilton RP Hauser J Heusch CA Hitlin DG Köpke L Li A Lockman WS Mallik U Matthews CG Mockett PM Mozley RF Nemati B Odian A Partridge R Perrier J Pitman D Plaetzer SA Richman JD Sadrozinski HF Scarlatella M Schalk TL Schindler RH Seiden A Simopoulos C Spadafora AL Stockdale IE Stockhausen W 《Physical review letters》1987,59(2):186-189
393.
James R. Rabinowitz Krishnan Namboodiri Harel Weinstein 《International journal of quantum chemistry》1986,29(6):1697-1704
Because it is useful to have the molecular electrostatic potential as an element in a complex scheme to assess the toxicity of large molecules, efficient and reliable methods are needed for the calculation and characterization of these potentials. A multicenter multipole expansion of the molecular electron charge density calculated with a limited Gaussian basis set is shown here to have only a finite number of nonzero terms from which the molecular electrostatic potential can be calculated. The discrete contributions to the electrostatic potentials from the terms of this expansion provide a physically meaningful decomposition of the potential and a means for its characterization. With pyrrole as an example, the electrostatic potential calculated from this finite expansion of the electron density is compared to that obtained from exact calculations from the same wave function. Good agreement is obtained at distances greater than 1.5 A from any atom in the molecule. In contrast, rearrangement of the terms into an expansion corresponding only to Mulliken atomic charges and dipoles yields a decomposition that produces electrostatic potentials which agree less well with the exact potential. This discrepancy is attributable to the neglect of terms due to higher moments. 相似文献
394.
Baltrusaitis RM Becker JJ Blaylock GT Bolton T Brown JS Bunnell KO Burnett TH Cassell RE Coffman D Cook V Coward DH Cui H Dado S Del Papa C Dorfan DE Dubois GP Duncan AL Eigen G Einsweiler KF Eisenstein BI Fabrizio R Favart D Gladding G Grancagnolo F Guy AD Hamilton RP Hauser J Heusch CA Hitlin DG Köpke L Lockman WS Mallik U Matthews CG Mockett PM Moss L Mozley RF Nappi A Nemati B Odian A Partridge R Perrier J Plaetzer SA Richman JD Roehrig J Russell JJ Sadrozinski HF Scarlatella M Schalk TL 《Physical review letters》1986,56(2):107-110
395.
Electrocardiography (ECG) and electroencephalography (EEG) signals provide clinical information relevant to determine a patient’s health status. The nonlinear analysis of ECG and EEG signals allows for discovering characteristics that could not be found with traditional methods based on amplitude and frequency. Approximate entropy (ApEn) and sampling entropy (SampEn) are nonlinear data analysis algorithms that measure the data’s regularity, and these are used to classify different electrophysiological signals as normal or pathological. Entropy calculation requires setting the parameters r (tolerance threshold), m (immersion dimension), and τ (time delay), with the last one being related to how the time series is downsampled. In this study, we showed the dependence of ApEn and SampEn on different values of τ, for ECG and EEG signals with different sampling frequencies (Fs), extracted from a digital repository. We considered four values of Fs (128, 256, 384, and 512 Hz for the ECG signals, and 160, 320, 480, and 640 Hz for the EEG signals) and five values of τ (from 1 to 5). We performed parametric and nonparametric statistical tests to confirm that the groups of normal and pathological ECG and EEG signals were significantly different (p < 0.05) for each F and τ value. The separation between the entropy values of regular and irregular signals was variable, demonstrating the dependence of ApEn and SampEn with Fs and τ. For ECG signals, the separation between the conditions was more robust when using SampEn, the lowest value of Fs, and τ larger than 1. For EEG signals, the separation between the conditions was more robust when using SampEn with large values of Fs and τ larger than 1. Therefore, adjusting τ may be convenient for signals that were acquired with different Fs to ensure a reliable clinical classification. Furthermore, it is useful to set τ to values larger than 1 to reduce the computational cost. 相似文献