A general model for batch building processes under the timeout and capacity rules

In manufacturing systems, batch building processes are very common, as goods are often transported or processed in batches and must therefore be collected before these transport or processing steps can occur. In this paper, we present a method for the performance analysis of general batch building processes in material flow systems under the timeout and capacity rules. The proposed model allows for stochastic collecting times and incorporates no restrictions with respect to the number of arriving units and their interarrival times. The accuracy of the discrete-time approach is demonstrated by comparing this approach with a discrete-event simulation model in continuous-time. Subsequently, the model is applied to two cases: a transportation case from the health care industry and the process of building a batch for a batch processor.     

Experimental and Semi-Empirical and DFT Calculational Studies on (<Emphasis Type="Italic">E</Emphasis>)-2-[(2,4-Dichlorophenylimino) methyl]-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-cresol

Abstract  

The molecular and crystal structure of the title compound, C₁₄H₁₁Cl₂NO, has been determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction technique. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic, space group Pbca with unit cell dimensions a = 7.5537(10) ?, b = 11.5518(13) ?, c = 29.760(4) ?, M _r  = 280.14, V = 2596.8(6) ?³, Z = 8, R ₁ = 0.065 and wR ₂ = 0.191. The title compound exists in the enol–imine tautomeric form with a strong intramolecular O–H···N hydrogen bond. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 37.66(15)°. The asymmetric unit in the crystal structure contains only one neutral molecule. Calculational studies were performed by using AM1, PM3, PM6 semi-empirical and DFT methods. Geometry optimizations of compound have been carried out by using three semi-empirical methods and DFT method and bond lengths, bond and torsion angles of title compound have been determined. Dipole moments (Debye) and the energy parameters of compound (kcal/mol) were calculated by using above mentioned calculation methods. Atomic charge distribution has been obtained from AM1, PM3, PM6 and DFT. In order to determine conformational flexibility on the molecule, molecular energy profile of the title compound was obtained with respect to the selected torsion angle T(N1–C7–C1–C2), which is varied from −180° to +180° in every 10 via PM3 semi-empirical method.     

Commutativity and Ideals in Pre-crystalline Graded Rings

Pre-crystalline graded rings constitute a class of rings which share many properties with classical crossed products. Given a pre-crystalline graded ring A\mathcal{A} , we describe its center, the commutant C_A(A₀)C_{\mathcal{A}}(\mathcal{A}_{0}) of the degree zero grading part, and investigate the connection between maximal commutativity of A₀\mathcal{A}_{0} in A\mathcal{A} and the way in which two-sided ideals intersect A₀\mathcal{A}_{0} .     

Optimization of the Determinant of the Vandermonde Matrix and Related Matrices

The value of the Vandermonde determinant is optimized over various surfaces, including the sphere, ellipsoid and torus. Lagrange multipliers are used to find a system of polynomial equations which give the local extreme points in its solutions. Using Gröbner basis and other techniques the extreme points are given either explicitly or as roots of polynomials in one variable. The behavior of the Vandermonde determinant is also presented visually in some interesting cases.     

Liquid and gas chromatographic studies of the anaerobic degradation of baker’s yeast wastewater

The digestion of baker’s yeast wastewater was monitored by gas production intensity and composition of gaseous and liquid phases. Favorable coexistence of sulfate reducing bacteria and methanogens was explained by the presence and metabolism of trimethylamine, a degradation product of betaine. Concentration of sulfides decreased at the expense of betaine degradation with final products S₀ and N₂. Since biological wastewater treatment was complicated by both high content of SO₄^2-, eventually becoming reduced to toxic H₂S, and high total nitrogen content, a technological solution that links sulfate reduction to elemental sulfur coupled with reactions producing gaseous nitrogen may have great practical value.     

Synthesis and EPR studies of vanadyl tetrakis(selenodiazole)porphyrazine

Tetrakis(selenodiazole)porphyrazine and its vanadyl (VO²⁺) complex have been prepared and characterized by FT-IR, UV–vis, and MALDI-MS. The magnetic properties of the complex have been investigated by EPR spectroscopy.     

Effect of microfibrillated cellulose and fines on the drainage of kraft pulp suspension and paper strength

Different types of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and fines suspensions were produced, characterized, and then added to a papermaking pulp suspension. High and medium molar mass cationic polyelectrolytes were used as fixatives. The drainage behavior of the pulp suspensions with additives were evaluated against the strength properties of hand sheets made thereof. The effects of salt concentration, pH, fixative type, dosage and type of fibrillar material on drainage were examined. All the MFC and fines samples produced had clearly different properties due to their dissimilar production methods, and they also introduced specific responses on the measured drainage and paper strength. Generally, the addition of MFC decreased the drainage rate of pulp suspension and increased the strength of paper. However, it was shown that by optimum selection of materials and process conditions an enhancement of the strength properties could be achieved without simultaneously deteriorating the drainage.     

Pyramidal tours and multiple objectives

In this study, we work on the traveling salesperson problems and bottleneck traveling salesperson problems that have special matrix structures and lead to polynomially solvable cases. We extend the problems to multiple objectives and investigate the properties of the nondominated points. We develop a pseudo-polynomial time algorithm to find a nondominated point for any number of objectives. Finally, we propose an approach to generate all nondominated points for the biobjective case.     

A new class of metric divergences on probability spaces and its applicability in statistics

The classI _f β, βε(0, ∞], off-divergences investigated in this paper is defined in terms of a class of entropies introduced by Arimoto (1971,Information and Control,19, 181–194). It contains the squared Hellinger distance (for β=1/2), the sumI(Q ₁‖(Q ₁+Q ₂)/2)+I(Q ₂‖(Q ₁+Q ₂)/2) of Kullback-Leibler divergences (for β=1) and half of the variation distance (for β=∞) and continuously extends the class of squared perimeter-type distances introduced by Österreicher (1996,Kybernetika,32, 389–393) (for βε (1, ∞]). It is shown that\((I_{f_\beta } (Q_1 ,Q_2 ))^{\min (\beta ,1/2)}\) are distances of probability distributionsQ ₁,Q ₂ for β ε (0, ∞). The applicability of\(I_{f_\beta }\)-divergences in statistics is also considered. In particular, it is shown that the\(I_{f_\beta }\)-projections of appropriate empirical distributions to regular families define distribution estimates which are in the case of an i.i.d. sample of size'n consistent. The order of consistency is investigated as well.     

Über eine neue Synthese von Desmethylambraoxid

A new synthesis of the title compound starting from abietic acid is described. Regioselective osmylation of the ^{13, 14}-double bond of abietic acid methyl ester (6) and subsequent hydrogenation furnishes dihydrodihydroxyabietic acid methyl ester (12) with anall-trans-connection of the three rings. Periodate cleavage of12 leads to13 which can be transformed into the triester14 byBaeyer-Villiger oxidation. The configuration of the aldehyde group in13 as well of the formyloxy group in14 has been ensured to be equatorial.LAH-reduction of14 leads to the triol16 which after cyclisation and reductive dehydroxylation furnishes the fragrance compound4.

Auszugsweise vorgetragen auf der 5. wissenschaftlichen Tagung der Österreichischen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft am 16. April 1985 in Graz.