Orthogonality and similarity within silica-based reversed-phased chromatographic systems

The starting point of this study was a current set of 32 chromatographic systems used to select initial conditions for method development to determine the impurity profile of a drug. The system exhibiting the best selectivity is then selected for further method development. In this current set eight silica-based phases are applied in conjunction with four mobile phases at different pH. In order to save time and resources, the possibilities for a meaningful subset selection were investigated. The most differing systems in terms of selectivity, in other words only the most orthogonal systems, need to be selected. Since the stationary phases are all silica-based, the selectivity differences are examined within a more homogeneous group than if, for instance, also zirconia- or polymer-based columns would be involved. To select the subset of systems also the best overall separation performances are taken into account. The selection is based both on the HPLC-DAD data of a generic set of 68 drugs, and on the LC-MS-DAD results for a mixture of 15 drugs, less different in structure. The orthogonality is evaluated using weighted-average-linkage dendrograms and color maps, both created from the Pearson-correlation coefficients r between normalized retention times r. The Derringer's desirability functions are applied to define the systems with the best overall separation performances. Proposals for different representative subsets of the initial 32 systems are made.     

Aromatic protonation—4: On the 1H-2H exchange of three 9-n-alkylanthracenes on reaction with CF3CO2[2H] and FSO3[2H]

The reactions of 9-methyl-, 9-ethyl- and 9-propyl-anthracene with CF₃CO₂[²H] in C[²H]Cl₃ and with FSO₃[²H] in SO₂ClF have been investigated. Using 4 equivalents of CF₃CO₂[²H] at 50° ¹H-²H exchange was observed only for the 10-H and the side-chain α-hydrogens, and on using 8 and 12 equivalents at 50° also for the aromatic α-hydrogens. Treatment of the substrates with FSO₃[²H] at -60° leads to the stable 9-alkyl-[10-²H]-10-anthracenium ions. On warming up to ?25° a slow ¹H-²H exchange of only the 10-¹H of these anthracenium ions is observed. A mechanism for the ¹H-²H exchange of the aromatic and the side-chain α-hydrogens of the 9-alkylanthracenes is presented.     

Dérivés propargyliques,XII et dérivés de la décahydroquinoléine,II Alkynyl-4, alkényl-4 et alkyl-4-décahydroquinolinols-4 N-substitués

The authors describe the synthesis of decahydro-4-quinolinones and N-substituted 4-alkynyl-, 4-allyl- and 4-alkyldecahydro-4-quinolinols and discuss the stereochemical problems of this compounds.     

The adsorption of endothelin 1 to phospholipids is governed by electrostatic interactions: A monolayer and fluorescence study

In order to elucidate the influence on the lipidic environment on the recognition process of its membrane associated receptor, the interactions of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin 1 with various phospholipids have been investigated using different lipidic model membranes: monolayers at constant surface pressure, vesicles and micelles. A monolayer study of ET1 adsorbed onto the water surface has shown that the C-terminus of the peptide points towards the aqueous phase. Penetration measurements into lipidic monolayers indicate that ET1 adsorbs to phospholipids with an orientation similar to that of the air–water interface and fluorescence measurements are in agreement with such an orientation of the peptide. This adsorption is selective for neutral phospholipids and indicates that the nature of the phospholipid headgroups is of major importance for the approach of the membrane associated receptor.     

Experimental analysis and modified rotor description of the infrared fundamental band of HCl in Ar, Kr, and Xe solutions

We report an experimental study of the rotovibrational fundamental PQR-band shapes in the IR absorption spectra of HCl dissolved in condensed rare gases in a wide range of temperatures. The effective vibrational frequencies are determined from analysis of the fine rotational structure partially resolved in the band wings. The central Q-branch components appear redshifted with respect to the effective vibrational frequencies, their shifts in different solvents found to match the HCl stretching mode shifts in binary Rg...HCl van der Waals heterodimers. Theoretical quasi-free rotor and modified rotor models are applied to describe evolution of the band profiles at changing thermodynamic conditions. Both models are shown to reproduce equally well the observed spectral density distributions in the band wings. However, the modified rotor formalism that accounts for depopulation of the lower-energy rotational solute states provides better agreement with the experiment in the range of the P- and R-branch maxima. We surmise that the Q branches separated from the measured spectral profiles are formed by transitions between rotationally hindered states of diatomic molecules coupled to the solvent by the local anisotropy of the interaction potential.     

Equilenin-2'-deoxynucleoside adducts: analysis with nano-liquid chromatography coupled to nano-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

The interaction of 4-hydroxy metabolites of estrogens with DNA leads to the formation of DNA adducts. These adducts are believed to play an important role in the incidence of breast and endometrial cancer. In order to be able to analyze these adducts in in vivo samples a method based upon the coupling of miniaturized liquid chromatography (LC) to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ES-MS/MS) was developed for the analysis of the adducts formed with 4-hydroxyequilenin. In vitro synthesized adducts obtained by the reaction of 4-hydroxyequilenin with the main 2'-deoxynucleosides were separated on a Hypersyl C(18) BDS nano-HPLC column (15 cm x 75 microm i.d.) at a flow-rate of 300 nl min(-1) using gradient elution with CH(3)OH--0.2% CH(3)COOH in H(2)O. The column was coupled, in combination with a column switching system, to a nano-electrospray interface. Analysis of the low- and high-resolution low-energy collision-activated dissociation product ion spectra of normal and deuterated adducts supported earlier data demonstrating equilenin to form different isomeric adducts, except with thymidine, for which no adducts were found. The nano-HPLC column-switching ES-MS system was tested for its sensitivity on a triple-quadrupole instrument, and detection limits down to 197 fg in the single reaction monitoring mode were obtained for semi-preparatively isolated equilenin--2'-deoxyguanosine adduct.     

Scope and limitations of a new highly selective synthesis of unsymmetrical monomers for the synthesis of precursors toward poly(arylenevinylene)s

In our laboratory a precursor route to poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivatives is developed in which unsymmetrically substituted p-xylene derivatives, possessing a benzylic sulfinylalkyl group, are used as monomers. Because of this unsymmetry, we were forced to investigate thoroughly the synthesis of these sulfoxides, as we start from symmetric and readily accessible molecules, namely, bis(halomethyl)-p-xylene derivatives. In a former publication, a new extremely effective route for the production of these unsymmetrically substituted sulfinyl monomers was presented. This paper expands upon these previously reported results. To examine the scope and limitations of this elegant route, this new method was applied to the synthesis of various derivatives not included in the initial work.     

Effect of pressure on free-radical copolymerization kinetics. I. A concept of additivity of partial molar volumes of activation

A short review of the effect of pressure on copolymerization kinetics shows the necessity of simple models for a better understanding of activation volumes. Therefore, a simple concept, possibly generally valid for free-radical polymerization, is proposed, based on the assumption that molar volumes of activation can be expressed as an addition of a characteristic radical and a monomer contribution, regardless of the combination involved. The scheme may facilitate the visualization of the transition state and contribute to the understanding of reaction mechanisms of radical polymerizations. Ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymerization at 62°C with tert-butyl alcohol as solvent agrees with the proposed scheme, appearing from the pressure independence of the product of reactivity ratios at the different levels (35,600, and 1200 kg/cm²). Implicitly it can be shown that an ethylene monomer contributes about 2 cm³/mole more to the activation volumes of the propagation reactions than does the vinyl acetate monomer, whereas for the radicals the difference of the respective contributions to the activation volumes is opposite in sign.     

Selenium in environmental waters: Determination, speciation and concentration levels

This article reviews the different methods used for the determination of selenium species in all types of environmental waters. Basic difficulties are discussed and the efficiency of the methods is explained in view of the sub-mug/1. concentration levels. Special attention is paid to preconcentration steps. Published data on speciation and concentration levels in various water samples are critically reviewed.     

Conversion of diaryliodonium salts to aryl fluorides

The preparation of aryl fluorides by the reaction of diaryliodonium salts with KF is discussed. Generally, best results were obtained when the salt Ar₂I⁺X^? was heated with KF in the absence of solvent. The counterion, X^?, must be non-nucleophilic.