Predominant time scales in fission processes in reactions of S, Ti and Ni with W: zeptosecond versus attosecond

The inhibition of fusion by quasifission is crucial in limiting the formation of superheavy elements in collisions of heavy nuclei. Time scales of ～10(-18) s inferred for fissionlike events from recent crystal blocking measurements were interpreted to show either that quasifission itself is slower than previously believed, or that the fraction of slow fusion-fission is higher than expected. New measurements of mass-angle distributions for (48)Ti and (64)Ni bombarding W targets show that in these reactions quasifission is the dominant process, typically occurring before the system formed after contact has made a single rotation, corresponding to time scales of ≤10(-20) s.     

On the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Lorentzian Rotation Matrix by Using Split Quaternions

In this paper, we examine eigenvalue problem of a rotation matrix in Minkowski 3 space by using split quaternions. We express the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of a rotation matrix in term of the coefficients of the corresponding unit timelike split quaternion. We give the characterizations of eigenvalues (complex or real) of a rotation matrix in Minkowski 3 space according to only first component of the corresponding quaternion. Moreover, we find that the casual characters of rotation axis depend only on first component of the corresponding quaternion. Finally, we give the way to generate an orthogonal basis for ${\mathbb{E}^{3}_{1}}$ by using eigenvectors of a rotation matrix.     

Studies on the Regioselectivity of Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (Hwe) Reactions on 3,4-Enuloses. Further Evidence of Phosphonate-Phosphate Rearrangements Through Five Membered Cyclic Intermediates.

ABSTRACT

The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction was performed on methyl 3,6-di-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-α-D-glycero-hex-2-enopyranosid-4-ulose (1) with the potassium enolates of dimethyl [(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]phosphonate (2) or diethyl [(ethoxycarbonyl) methyl]phosphonate (3) under different conditions (metallic cation and solvent) in order to study regio- and stereochemical aspects of the reaction. In the presence of lithium ions, no reaction took place. When sodium enolates were employed, 1,2-addition was the main reaction in chelating solvents, whereas the 1,4-adduct is favoured in the less polar, non chelating toluene. Only 1,2-addition was observed with potassium enolates. Evidence of phosphonate-phosphate rearrangements through five membered cyclic intermediates is described.     

Zusatz zu dem Aufsatze „Ueber den Gültigkeitsbereich der Taylor'schen Reihenentwickelung”

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Novel and Stereospecific Synthesis of (2S)‐3‐(2,4,5‐Trifluorophenyl)propane‐1,2‐diol from D‐Mannitol

A stereospecific synthesis of (2S)‐3‐(2,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)propane‐1,2‐diol from D ‐mannitol has been developed. The reaction of 2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐D ‐glyceraldehyde with 2,4,5‐trifluorophenylmagnesium bromide gave [(4R)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl](2,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)methanol in 65% yield as a mixture of diastereoisomers (1 : 1). The Ph₃P catalyzed reaction of the latter with C₂Cl₆ followed by reduction with Pd/C‐catalyzed hydrogenation gave (2S)‐3‐(2,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)propane‐1,2‐diol with >99% ee and 65% yield.     

Polymeric emulsion and crosslink-mediated synthesis of super-stable nanoparticles as sustained-release anti-tuberculosis drug carriers

This study focused on evaluating four emulsion-based processing strategies for polymeric nanoparticle synthesis to explicate the mechanisms of nanoparticle formation and the influence on achieving sustained-release of two anti-tuberculosis drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles were formulated with and without sorbitan mono-oleate as a stabilizer using emulsion-solvent-surfactant-evaporation (ESSE) and emulsion-solvent-evaporation (ESE) approaches. An alginate solution gelled by ionic crosslinking with calcium chloride was employed to prepare alginate hydrogel nanoparticles via reverse-emulsion-cationic-gelification (RECG) and reverse-emulsion-surfactant-cationic-gelification (RESCG) approaches. In vitro drug release analysis was performed. The size, zeta potential and morphology of the nanoparticles were analyzed. Molecular mechanics energy relationships (MMER) were employed to explore the spatial disposition of alginate and PLGA with respect to the emulsifying profile of sorbitan monooleate and to corroborate the experimental findings. Results revealed that particle size of the PLGA nanoparticles was influenced by the stabilizer concentration. Nanoparticles synthesized by the ESSE approach had smaller sizes of 240±8.7 nm and 195.5±5.4 nm for rifampicin- and isoniazid-loaded nanoparticles, respectively. This was a substantial size reduction from nanoparticles generated by the ESE approach (>1000 nm). The RESCG approach produced stable and higher nanoparticle yields with desirable size (277±1.0 nm; 289±1.2 nm), a low polydispersity index (27.1±0.3 mV; 28.5±0.5 mV) and drug entrapment efficiency of 73% and 75% for isoniazid and rifampicin, respectively. Drug release from the ESSE and RESCG synthesized nanoparticles displayed desirable release of the two anti-TB drugs with sustained zero-order kinetics over a period of 8h. MMER supported the mechanisms of nanoparticle formation with a sphericalized interlaced network configuration.     

Synthesis of high surface area transitional alumina from Al(OPh)<Subscript>3</Subscript>

Al(OPh)₃ involving sterically hindered phenyl groups on ultrasonic assisted micro hydrolysis yielded a mixture of boehmite and bayerite as deduced from the FTIR and powder X-ray diffraction pattern. In the thermogravimetric trace, the complete removal of decomposable moieties of the hydrolyzed gel occurred around 530 °C. Calcining the gel at temperatures 600, 700, 800 and 900 °C showed crystalline tetragonal δ-Al₂O₃ to be the product at 900 °C as deduced from FTIR, ²⁷Al NMR and PXRD techniques. δ-Al₂O₃ showed a surface area of 135 m²/g with rectangular bar like morphology with the sizes below 50 nm in the TEM images.     

Selective detection of dopamine with poly(diphenylamine sulfonic acid) modified electrode in the presence of ascorbic acid

A glassy carbon electrode was modified with electropolymerized film of diphenylamine sulfonic acid (DPASA). Electropolymerization was performed by cyclic voltammetry in 0.1 M KCl solution. The modified electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytic effect towards oxidation of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA). Electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged poly(DPASA) film and either cationic DA species or anionic AA species favorably contributed to the redox response of DA and AA. Anodic peaks of DA and AA in their mixture were well separated by ca 168 and −11.8 mV. The proposed modified electrode was utilized for selective determination of dopamine in the concentration range of 5.0 × 10^t7–2.0 × 10⁻⁵ M in the presence of high concentration of ascorbic acid. Detection limit was 6.5 × 10⁻⁹ M.