Modification of pyridine-3-carboxamide (nicotinamide) by radical substitution

Pyridine-3-carboxamide ( 1 ) was reacted with alkyl radicals to give mono-, di-, and tri-alkylated products. The t-butyl radical gives only 6-t-butylpyridine-3-carboxamide ( 4a ). The reactivity decreases in the order of t-butyl, isopropyl, and ethyl radicals. The product 4a reacts further with the 2-phthalimidoethyl radical to give 2- and 4-substituted products 9 and 10 , which were transformed into tetrahydronaphthyridinone derivatives 11 and 12 .     

On pyrrolidine derivatives I. An efficient synthesis of 3-substituted (2S,5S)-pyrrolidine-2, 5-dicarboxylic acids

(2S,5S)-3-Alkylpyrrolidine-2, 5-dicarboxylic acid derivatives I were stereoselectively synthesized by means of an efficient method starting from L-aspartic acid ( 1 ). Dieckmann reaction of 4-benzyl 1-t-butyl N-t-butyl-oxycarbonyl-N-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-L-aspartate ( 4 ) provided product 5 which consisted of a mixture of (2S,5S)- and (2R,5S)-1-t-butyloxycarbonyl-3-oxopyrrolidine-2, 5-dicarboxylates in a ratio of 95:5. Treating 1-t-butyl 6-ethyl 2-L-(t-butyloxycarbonyl)anuno-5-diazo-4-oxoadipate ( 8 ), prepared from 1 , with rhodium(II) acetate dimer also afforded a good yield of 5 . The Wittig reaction of 5 , followed by catalytic hydrogenation and then deprotection provided compound I .     

Reaction of 5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile with alcohol in the presence of base

5-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile reacts with methanol to give addition products, 3-methoxyiminopyrazine-2-carbonitrile and 2-methoxyiminopyrazine-3-carbonitrile derivatives, and/or substitution products, 3-methoxypyrazine-2-carbonitrile and 2-methoxypyrazine-3-carbonitrile derivatives. The selectivity between the addition and substitution depends on solvent polarity, base, and reaction time. The experimental results are accounted for by the equilibrium between the starting dinitrile and the addition products, methoxyiminopyrazine.     

Chiral induction controlled by aggregation of organometallics: trifluoromethylated aminoalcohols for chiral ligands in Et2Zn alkylation of benzaldehyde

Chiral induction in the reaction of Et2Zn with PhCHO by fluorinated chiral amino alcohols was correlated to the extent of aggregation of Et2Zn species, which was estimated by manometric study.     

Quantum transport effects in copper(II) phthalocyanine sandwiched between gold nanoelectrodes

The electrical transmission of copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuPc) sandwiched between gold nanoelectrodes is studied on the basis of the Green function formalism coupled with the Gaussian-broadening technique. In the Au-CuPc-Au junction, broadened density of states (DOS) of the Au chains is defined as continuous DOS of electrodes to calculate the Green function of the electrodes. Two peaks of the transmission function found in the vicinity of the Fermi level are analyzed in terms of molecular orbitals (MOs). A convenient procedure to analyze MO contribution to a transmission peak is proposed. It is found that (I) symmetry-matched interactions between CuPc and the gold nanoelectrodes are important to the enhancement of the transmission function and (II) the nanoelectrodes have almost no effect on the electronic states of CuPc.     

Characterization of labelling and de-labelling reagents for detection and recovery of tyrosine residue in peptide

This paper characterized the labelling and de-labelling reagents for reversible labelling of tyrosine (Tyr)-containing peptide, which involves detection and recovery. The phenolic hydroxyl group (-OH) in Tyr structure reacted with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F), 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F), and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) under mild conditions at room temperature at pH 9.3. The labels in the resulting derivatives were removed with the treatment of nucleophiles, such as thiols (cysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and dithiothreitol) and amines (dimethylamine, methylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine and pyrrolidine). The de-labelling reactions of NBD-labelled N-acetyl-L-tyrosine (N-AcTyr) with the nucleophiles produced N-AcTyr, accompanied by NBD-nucleophile. Although DBD-F and DNFB also successfully labeled the -OH group in N-AcTyr, the efficiency of Cbond;O bond cleavage and recovery of N-AcTyr by the nucleophiles was relatively low compared with NBD-label. Among the de-labelling reagents, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and dimethylamine were recommended for the elimination of NBD moiety, with respect to the reaction rate, the side reaction, and the yield of recovery. The proposed procedure, which includes the labelling with NBD-F and the removal of NBD moiety by the nucleophiles, was successfully applied to the reversible labelling of N-terminal amine-blocked peptides, i.e. N-AcTyr-Val-Gly, Z-Glu-Tyr, Z-Phe-Tyr, N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Tyr, and N-AcArg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Tyr-Arg.     

Effect of preparatory conditions on the performance of photopolymerized sol-gel monoliths for capillary electrochromatography

We prepared different photopolymerized sol-gel (PSG) columns by varying the amount of monomer (methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane), porogen (toluene) and catalyst (hydrochloric acid) in the reaction solution containing a photoinitiator (Irgacure 1800). The effects of these variations on the chromatographic behavior of the PSG columns were studied. All of the columns studied exhibited reversed-phase character. The concentration of hydrochloric acid was important for the rigidity of the columns, although it did not affect the separation property. The ratio of monomer solution to porogen was a critical factor in controlling the through-pore size and the surface area of PSG, which were found to significantly affect the separation properties, such as permeability, theoretical plate number, retention time, and separation efficiency, of a mixture of test analytes-thiourea, benzene, and naphthalene. There was no change in the retention order for the test analytes. Short separation times were achieved on PSG columns made from a 10% monomer stock solution and 90% porogen with 1 M hydrochloric acid. Mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylbenzenes were separated with theoretical plate numbers greater than 100 000 plates/m.     

Furopyridines. II. Bromination and nitration of furo[2,3-b]-, furo[3,2-b]-, furo[2,3-c]- and furo[3,2-c]pyridine

In order to reveal the reactivities of furopyridines, we undertook bromination and nitration of four furopyridines ( 1, 2, 3 and 4 ) whose chemical properties had been almost unknown. Bromination of 1, 2, 3 and 4 gave the corresponding trans-2,3-dibromo-2,3-dihydro derivatives 6, 8, 10 and 12 , respectively, which were converted to 3-bromofuropyridines 7, 9, 11 and 13 by treatment with sodium hydroxide in aqueous methanol. Nitration of 1 with a mixture of fuming nitric acid and sulfuric acid afforded a mixture of addition products 14a, 14b and 14c and 2-nitro derivative 15 . Both 14a and 14b were easily converted to 15 by treatment with sodium bicarbonate. Compound 2 was nitrated to give a mixture of cis- and trans-2-nitro-3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro derivative 16a and 16b and 2-nitro derivative 17 . The cis isomer 16a was transformed to the trans isomer 16b by refluxing on silica gel in ethyl acetate. Compound 16b was dehydrated with acetic anhydride to give 17 . Nitration of 3 gave a nitrolic acid derivative 20 . Nitration of 4 gave a mixture of 2-nitro derivative 22 and 3-(trinitromethyl)pyridin-4-ol ( 23 ). The structures of 20 and 23 were established by single crystal X-ray analysis. The differences of behavior observed in these reactions are discussed in connection with the results of the determination of pKa values and the relative reactivities of deuteriodeprotonation of these furopyridines.     

Ab initio molecular-orbital study of structures and energetics of Si3H3 neutral and anion

The geometric structures and isomeric stabilities of various stationary points in Si(3)H(3) neutral and its anion are investigated at the coupled-cluster singles, doubles (triples) [CCSD(T)] level of theory. For geometrical surveys, the basis sets used are of the Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets of triple-zeta quality for the neutral. To the anions, the Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets of double-zeta quality with diffuse functions are applied. For the three lower-lying anion isomers, the Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets of triple-zeta quality with diffuse functions (aug-cc-pVTZ) are also used. The final energies for the optimized stationary points are calculated at the CCSD(T) level of theory with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. The basis sets of 6-311++G(3df,2pd) were also used for the lower-lying anion isomers. The Gaussian-2 method was performed only for the lower-lying anion isomers to clarify the relative stabilities. The global minimum neutral 1 (C(1):(2)A) has an unsymmetrical hydrogen-bridged bond; the conformer 2 in C(s) symmetry is a saddle point connecting the two equivalent isomers 1. Two lower-lying isomers (3 and 4) are also predicted within the energy range of 20 kJmol. In the anion, however, the conformer 4 (C(s):(1)A(')) with five formal valence electrons is a global minimum. Two more isomers (2 and 3) lie within 20 kJmol as in the neutral; the conformer 1 converts to the isomer 2. The quartets for the neutrals and diradical triplets for the anions were further studied; lower-lying quartets and triplets, competing with the corresponding doublet and singlet, respectively, were not found in the present systems. The vertical and adiabatic electron affinities of the global minimum neutral 1, producing the second lowest-lying anion isomer 2, amount to 2.18 and 2.35 eV, respectively, at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. The electron addition to the third lowest-lying neutral isomer 4 produces the largest vertical electron affinities of 2.48 eV. The D(3h) structure, being the global minimum in the corresponding Si(3)H(3) (+) cation (trisilacyclopropenyl cation), converts to the isomer 8 (C(s)) or 11 (C(2)) due to the Jahn-Teller effect in the Si(3)H(3) neutral.