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101.
Aromatization of cyclohexadienes by TEMPO electro-mediated oxidation: Kinetic and structural aspects
Cyclohexadienes are easily converted into the corresponding aromatics in excellent yield (>90%) in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-oxopiperidinium ion (TEMPO+). The TEMPO radical was used in catalytic amount and was electrochemically regenerated in the presence of 2,6-lutidine as a base in hydro-organic medium (AcCN/H2O 95/5). This work has been focused on the kinetic aspects. We have demonstrated that the reactivity of different cyclohexadienes is strongly dependent on the configuration of the double bonds and on the nature of the substituents. Competition between allylic functionalization and aromatization has been observed during the oxidation of 1,2-dihydro-4-phenylnaphthalene. 相似文献
102.
This is the second of two papers exploring children’s responses to an extended version of a division-with-remainder problem intended to elicit general rather than particular realistic considerations during mathematical problem solving. Responses to two problems are analyzed. The first is a ‘realistically’ contextualised item drawn from national tests in England whose ambiguities have been previously discussed (Cooper, 1992); the second is a version of this problem revised to encourage a wider range of realistic responses. In Cooper and Harries (2002), the responses of children at the end of their first year of secondary schooling were analyzed. Here the responses of children at the end of their primary schooling are analyzed and compared with the previous results. It is shown that many children, given suitable encouragement, are willing and able to enter into an extended form of realistic thinking during problem solving, although the original test item renders this invisible. 相似文献
103.
Readily available arabinose-derived 4-uloses, containing a tunable butane-2,3-diacetal as the steric sensor, displayed increasing enantioselectivity (up to 93% ee) with the size of the acetal alkyl group in catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of trans-disubstituted and trisubstituted alkenes. 相似文献
104.
Tony E. Smith 《Applied mathematics and computation》1984,14(1):35-62
A set of necessary and sufficient conditions is established for the representability of choice probabilities by additive random utility models with generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions of utilities. These conditions yield an operational testing procedure for GEV-representability which does not require explicit construction of the underlying distribution of utilities. In addition, this characterization of GEV models reveals a number of their underlying behavioral features. 相似文献
105.
A two step synthesis of 3,6-dihydrobenzo[b]-1,2-oxathiin-2-oxide 5a from o-tolual-dehyde via the photochemically produced 1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene-2,2-dioxide is described. Analogous syntheses of 3 and 6 substituted derivatives of the benzosultines 5 have also been carried out. The feasibility of using these benzosultines as o-quinodimethane precursors has been tested by thermalizing the phenyl sultine 5c in refluxing cyclohexane in the presence of dimethyl fumarate, dimethyl maleate and methyl crotonate to form cycloadducts, stereospecifically and in good yield. The stereochemistry of addition of maleate appears to be exclusively “exo” in conflict with earlier studies on Diels-Alder reactions of α-aryl-o-quino-dimethanes. 相似文献
106.
Summary.
We consider two level overlapping Schwarz domain decomposition methods
for solving the finite element problems that arise from
discretizations of elliptic problems on general unstructured meshes
in two and three dimensions. Standard finite element interpolation
from
the coarse to the fine grid may be used. Our theory requires no
assumption on the substructures
that constitute the whole domain, so the
substructures can be of arbitrary shape and of different
size. The global coarse mesh is allowed to be non-nested
to the fine grid on which the discrete problem is to be solved, and
neither
the coarse mesh nor the fine mesh need be quasi-uniform.
In addition, the domains defined by the fine and coarse grid need
not be identical. The one important constraint is that the closure
of the coarse grid must cover any portion of the fine grid boundary
for which Neumann boundary conditions are given.
In this general setting, our algorithms have the same optimal
convergence rate as the usual two level overlapping domain decomposition
methods on structured meshes.
The condition number of the preconditioned system depends only on the
(possibly small)
overlap of the
substructures and the size of the coarse grid, but is independent of
the sizes of the subdomains.
Received
March 23, 1994 / Revised version received June 2, 1995 相似文献
107.
We present a transpose-free version of the nonsymmetric scaled Lanczos procedure. It generates the same tridiagonal matrix
as the classical algorithm, using two matrix–vector products per iteration without accessing AT. We apply this algorithm to obtain a transpose-free version of the Quasi-minimal residual method of Freund and Nachtigal
[15] (without look-ahead), which requires three matrix–vector products per iteration. We also present a related transpose-free
version of the bi-conjugate gradients algorithm.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
108.
109.
110.
Various free radicals formed during UV.-irradiation of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids in aqueous and methanolic solution are identified by ESR.-spectroscopy. Their structures point to α-cleavage and photoreduction as the dominant primary photochemical decay processes. The relative contributions of these reactions to the overall photodecomposition depend on solvent and degree of α-alkylation of the acid. Emission ESR.-spectra are found for radicals formed by C, CO-bond cleavage of α-dimethyl substituted acids. The polarization is referred to the triplet mechanism of CIDEP. and indicates this cleavage reaction occurs from a triplet molecular state. 相似文献