Thermodynamics of silver—silver halide electrodes and thermodynamic solubility products of silver halides in glycerol + water mixtures at different temperatures

The standard potentials of silver—silver bromide and silver—silver iodide electrodes in glycerol+water mixtures containing 5, 10, 20 and 30 wt% glycerol were determined from electromotive force measurements of the cell Ag(s), AgX(s), KX(c)//KCl(c), AgCl(s), Ag(s), where X is Br or I, at seven different temperatures in the range 5–35°C. The standard potentials in each solvent are represented as a function of temperature. The standard thermodynamic functions for the electrode reactions, the primary medium effects of various solvents upon X⁻, and the standard thermodynamic quantities for the transfer of 1 g-ion of X⁻ from water to the respective glycerol + water media are evaluated and discussed in the light of ion—solvent interactions as well as the structural changes of the solvents. From the values of the Ag/Ag⁺ and Ag/AgX, X⁻ electrodes, the thermodynamic solubility product constants of silver chloride, silver bromide and silver iodide have been determined in glycerol + water solvent mixtures at different temperatures.     

New polypyromellitimide films based on cyclotriphosphazene and bisaspartimide derived diamines

Three new thermally stable polypyromellitimide films were made by the thermal cyclodehydration of the corresponding polyamic acids obtained by the polymerization of pyromellitic dianhydride with 4,4′-bis{N²-[4-(4-aminobenzyl)phenyl]aspartimido} diphenylmethane, 4,4′-bis{N²-[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]aspartimido} diphenylether, and bis(4-aminophenoxy)tetrakis (4-phthalamic acid phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene. The bis(4-aminophenoxy)tetrakis (4-phthalamic acid phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene was obtained from hexakis(4-aminophenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene involving its reaction with phthalic anhydride. The structure of these materials and precursors were characterized by using Fourier-transform-infrared (FT–IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The thermal stabilities of the films were evaluated by the thermogravimetric analysis, showing char yields at 800°C ranging from 68% to 58% in a nitrogen atmosphere and 24% in air atmosphere.     

Bromine cyanide as titrimetric oxidant in non-aqueous media

Bromine cyanide has been used for the potentiometric determination of sulphide, sulphite, thiocyanate, iodide, tin(II), arsenic(III),hydrazine hydrate, phenylhydrazine, 1,1-methylphenyldrazine and chloralhydrazine in glacial acetic acid and 1 : 1 acetic acid-acetic anhydride mixture, of thiourea, ethylthiourea, isopropylthiourea, benzylthiourea, alpha-phenylthiourea and o-tolythiourea in methanol, and of sodium methyl-, ethyl-,dimethyl-, diehtyl- and isopropyldithiocarbamates in ehtanol and acetonitrile media. The behaviour of bromine cyanide in these non- aqueous solvents has been compared with its behaviour in aqueous medium and with that of iodine cyanide in these non-aqueous solvents.     

A Pollution Sensitive Marxian Production Inventory Model with Deterioration Under Fuzzy System

Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications - This article deals with an economic production quantity (EPQ) model with deterioration under the effect of environmental pollution in fuzzy...     

Elliptic Reconstruction and a Posteriori Error Estimates for Fully Discrete Semilinear Parabolic Optimal Control Problems

This article studies a posteriori error analysis of fully discrete finite element approximations for semilinear parabolic optimal control problems. Based on elliptic reconstruction approach introduced earlier by Makridakis and Nochetto [25], a residual based a posteriori error estimators for the state, co-state and control variables are derived. The space discretization of the state and co-state variables is done by using the piecewise linear and continuous finite elements, whereas the piecewise constant functions are employed for the control variable. The temporal discretization is based on the backward Euler method. We derive a posteriori error estimates for the state, co-state and control variables in the $L^\infty(0,T;L^2(\Omega))$-norm. Finally, a numerical experiment is performed to illustrate the performance of the derived estimators.