High-Resolution Reflectometry by Optical Multidigitized Coherence

We propose and confirm a novel technique of optical frequency domain reflectometry based on multidigitized coherence using a multimode laser. The proposed system can easily provide the potential for high resolution on the order of 10 μm without scanning frequencies as in frequency domain reflectometers of either continuous or stepwise sweep. The theoretical approach agrees well with the experimental results demonstrated using a commercially available multimode laser diode.     

Laser operation with output feedback pumping and first-order phase transition analogy

It is shown that by means of the newly proposed regime of output feedback pumping, a conventional laser exhibiting only second-order phase transition behavior generally displays the nonequilibrium analogue of a first-order phase transition. Optical bistability should also be achieved in the laser system under feedback pumping incorporated with an externally injected optical signal.     

Conversion of disilanes to functional monosilanes: XII. The palladium(0)-catalyzed dechlorinative silylation of benzylic chlorides with methylchlorodisilanes. A facile route to benzylmethylchlorosilanes

This paper describes the facile dechlorinative silylation of benzylic chlorides of types XC₆H₄CH₂Cl (X = H, Me and Cl) and ClCH₂C₆H₄CH₂Cl (o-, m- and p-isomers) with methylchlorodisilanes ClMe₂SiSiMe₂Cl, ClMe₂SiSiMeCl₂ and Cl₂MeSiSiMeCl₂ in the presence of Pd(PPh₃)₄ to give the corresponding benzylmethylchlorosilanes in good to high yields.     

A theoretical treatment of the line-intensity jump in a decaying argon-arc plasma

The line-intensity jump in decaying argon arcs has been investigated theoretically. The population density at the peak of the jump is in Saha-Boltzmann equilibrium. Using the Saha-Boltzmann relation, the influence of the change in electron density is clarified. As a criterion above which the change in electron density does not influence the amplitude of the jump, τ_N/τ_T ≧ 10₃ is derived, where τ_N and τ_T are, respectively, the density and temperature relaxation times for the electrons. This criterion is not satisfied in most arcs. An improved method is presented for the determination of the gas temperature in stationary arcs.     

Numerical simulation of facilitated transport of carbon dioxide in a condensate film

Numerical analysis was performed for the effects of chemical reactions on the behavior of carbon dioxide absorbed in a condensate film. A condensate film flowing on a vertical surface under the influence of the combined effects of the vapor shear and gravity was chosen as a model problem. Convective flux towards the wall surface played a significant role in the absorption characteristics. Concentrations of the carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ion in the film increased as the condensation proceeded. The difference between the two concentrations at a same longitudinal position decreased as the condensation proceeded. Resistivity of the condensate film was smaller for a thicker condensate film with larger concentration of carbon dioxide in the vapor phase.In einer numerischen Studie wurde der Einfluß chemischer Reaktionen auf das Verhalten von in einem Kondensationsfilm absorbierten Kohlendioxid untersucht. Als Modellfall wurde ein Kondensatfilm gewählt, der an einer vertikalen Wand unter dem kombinierten Einfluß von Schubspannung (bewirkt durch die Dampfströmung) und Schwerkraft abfließt. Die Konvektionsströmung zur Wand beeinflußt das Absorptionsverhalten entscheidend. Im Verlauf des Kondensationsprozesses steigt die Konzentration des Kohlendioxids und der Bikarbonationen im Film an. Der Unterschied zwischen den beiden Konzentrationen an der gleichen Längenkoordinate verringerte sich im Verlauf des Kondensationsvorganges. Der Widerstand des Kondensationsfilms war bei dickerem Film und höherer Konzentration des Kohlendioxids in der Dampfphase geringer.     

Development of an ultra-high sensitive photon counting system and its application to biomedical measurements

The sensitivity of the photon counting method for the detection of extra-weak optical intensity was improved on the introduction of the enhanced single photoelectron counting technique incorporated with a selected photomultiplier operated under optimum conditions. With this ultra-high sensitive photon counting system it has been possible to measure the difference between the luminescence of the blood of healthy and diseased human subjects (both have extremely weak values).     

Quality control of radioimmunoassay by bivariate analysis

Automatic calculation of control charts for precision and accuracy of radioimmunoassay was reported by Faure, et al. Duplicate control samples independently measured was assumed to have a bivariate normal distribution. In this case they assumed that the correlation coefficient between each value of the pairs of control samples is zero. Our experience using this method revealed that a considerable number of assayed samples distributed outside the calculated control limits in case of "accuracy control". It was considered that this happened because in radioimmunoassay the between-assays precision is usually larger than the within-an-assay precision and there is a significant correlation between values of duplicates. We also found equal probability density did not make a true circle but a long circle. Therefore in the present paper we proposed for control charts of radioimmunoassay an equal probability long circle calculated by bivariate analysis of Mahalanobis' generalized distance. It was found that a Mahalanobis' long circle could explain the density distribution of radioimmunoassay with a reasonable percent of samples outside the calculated control limits. What happened here can be interpreted by a large between-assays variability shown by some commercial kits. This automatic calculation method could be applied not only for quality control but also for evaluation and comparison of radioimmunoassay system or commercial kits. Control survey could also be analyzed by such a method.