Breaking the limitation of composition change during isothermal mass-transfer processes at the spinodal

A governing equation describing the mass-transfer fluxes in practical membrane formation is derived using Markoffian and Onsager's thermodynamic systems. This equation unambiguously demonstrates that isothermal mass-transfer fluxes at the spinodal composition may not be zero for systems operated in the gravitational field. This study suggests that the mass transfer equations derived by Cheng and Gryte are a special case of the present study and are not fully capable of describing the mass transfer in practical membrane formation. Experimental results published in previous literature qualitatively support our assessment. The limitations of using Markoffian and Onsager's thermodynamic systems for membrane formation study are also reviewed. In conclusion, new thermodynamic theories for polymer solutions are needed to quantitatively describe the mass transfer fluxes in practical membrane formation.     

弦张量与奇异粒子产生

用一种参数化的形式研究了弦上具有硬胶子纽结所导致的有效弦张量的增长，在此种形式下强子一强子碰撞中有效弦张量随碰撞能量的增加而增加是来自碰撞中微喷注的产生，这种机制既能解释强子一强子碰撞奇异夸克压低因嵶铀媾鲎材芰恐龆龅男形帜芙馐停澹澹蚊恢懈靡蜃佑肽芰拷莆薰氐南窒蟆     

Plasma desorption mass spectroscopy of thiol-passivated gold nanoparticles

Plasma desorption mass spectrometry has been applied to characterization of dodecanthiol-passivated gold nanoparticles. An overview of the experimental set-up and mass analyses for the nanoparticles prepared in different conditions are shown. Mass distributions were found to shift to higher mass regions with increasing reaction temperature and reaction period. The results are consistent with those of transmission electron microscopy observations, UV-visible absorption spectra and also with a reported laser desorption mass spectrometry.     

Parameter Estimation with the Augmented Lagrangian Method for a Parabolic Equation

In this paper, we investigate the numerical identification of the diffusion parameters in a linear parabolic problem. The identification is formulated as a constrained minimization problem. By using the augmented Lagrangian method, the inverse problem is reduced to a coupled nonlinear algebraic system, which can be solved efficiently with the preconditioned conjugate gradient method. Finally, we present some numerical experiments to show the efficiency of the proposed methods, even for identifying highly discontinuous parameters.This work was partially supported by the Research Council of Norway, Grant NFR-128224/431.     

Liénard方程周期解的存在唯一与唯二性问题

本文考虑微分方程 x+f(x)x+g(x)=p(t),其中g∈C~1(R)为严格递减,f ∈ C(R),p(t)为2π周期的连续函数,给出周期解的存在唯一的充要条件;在f(x)=c,g(x)严格凸函数且跨越第一共振点零时,给出唯二性定理。     

Preparation and clinical application of immunomagnetic latex

Magnetic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid) [P(MMA–MAA)] composite polymer latices were synthesized by two‐stage soapless emulsion polymerization in the presence of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) ferrofluids. Different types and concentrations of fatty acids were reacted with the Fe₃O₄ particles, which were prepared by the coprecipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) salts to obtain stable Fe₃O₄ ferrofluids. The Fe₃O₄/polymer particles were monodisperse, and the composite polymer particle size was approximately 100 nm. The morphology of the magnetic composite polymer latex particles was a core–shell structure. The core was PMMA encapsulating Fe₃O₄ particles, and the shell was the P(MMA–MAA) copolymer. The carboxylic acid functional groups (COOH) of methacrylic acid (MAA) were mostly distributed on the surface of the composite polymer latex particles. Antibodies (anti‐human immunoglobulin G) were then chemically bound with COOH groups onto the surface of the magnetic core–shell composite latices through the medium of carbodiimide to form the antibody‐coated magnetic latices (magnetic immunolatices). The MAA shell composition of the composite latex could be adjusted to control the number of COOH groups and thus the number of antibody molecules on the magnetic composite latex particles. With a magnetic sorting device, the magnetic immunolatices derived from the magnetic PMMA/P(MMA–MAA) core–shell composite polymer latex performed well in cell‐separation experiments based on the antigen–antibody reaction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1342–1356, 2005     

Quantum-Error-Rejection for Hyperentanglement Transmission without Calibrated Reference Frames

In quantum communication, the channel noise and the misalignment of the reference frames between the communication parties will lead to the failure of quantum state transmission. Here an alignment-free spatial-polarization hyperentanglement transmission scheme is provided for hyperentangled photons. In this scheme, before the spatial-polarization hyperentanglement is transmitted through the fiber channel, it is first encoded as a time-bin entanglement with the same polarization. After the photons pass through the noise channel, the polarization errors caused by reference frames misalignment and channel noise can be corrected by time-bin entanglement. In principle, by implementing this scheme, the communication parties can share the original hyperentangled state, and the success probability can approach unity. The scheme is robust to random channel noise and reference frames misalignment, and the decoherence effect caused by the misalignment of the reference frames between the communication parties can be completely suppressed by implementing this scheme.     

A quantitative measurement of binocular fusion for achromatic and chromatic colors

Optical Review - The stereo image consisting of an achromatic image and a chromatic image (mixed stereo pair) can be fused as a three-dimensional (3D) color scene by human observers. It is said...     

Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis: applications in the field of cultural heritage

Scanning electron microscopy has been extensively used for the material characterization of objects of artistic and archaeological importance, especially in combination with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM/EDX). The advantages and limitations of SEM/EDX are presented in a few case studies: analysis of pigments in cross-sections of paint layers, quantitative analysis of archaeological glass from the Roman period excavated in Ephesos/Turkey, and investigations on glasses with medieval composition concerning their weathering stability and degradation phenomena.