Interpretation of Light Scattering Spectra of Dispersions – A Hybrid Approach to Account for Interparticle Interactions

The problem of extracting quantitative information on individual particle properties from spectroscopic measurements conducted at concentrations where particle interactions become significant is of great industrial and theoretical importance. For dispersions of charged particles, this can happen at fairly low concentrations. The effect of the fluid (slurry) structure has to be taken into account to interpret the light scattering spectra of such dispersions. In this paper, a hybrid method that addresses the effect of the fluid structure is proposed. The hybrid approach describes the fluid structure by relating the “effective” Percus‐Yevick hard‐sphere parameters to the system parameters using empirical models. The feasibility of this approach is examined through a theoretical study with data generated by Monte Carlo simulations of a monodisperse dispersion of charged spherical particles using realistic interaction potentials under single scattering conditions.     

Effect of Si/Ge ratio on resistivity and thermopower in Gd5SixGe4−x magnetocaloric compounds

The effect of Si/Ge ratio on resistivity and thermopower behavior has been investigated in the magnetocaloric ferromagnetic Gd₅Si_xGe_4−x compounds with x=1.7-2.3. Microstructural studies reveal the presence of Gd₅(Si,Ge)₄-matrix phase (5:4-type) along with traces of secondary phases (5:5 or 5:3-type). The x=1.7 and 2.0 samples display the presence of a first order structural transition from orthorhombic to monoclinic phase followed by a magnetic transition of the monoclinic phase. The alloys with x=2.2 and 2.3 display only magnetic transitions of the orthorhombic phase. A low temperature feature apparent in the AC susceptibility and resistivity data below 100 K reflects an antiferromagnetic transition of secondary phase(s) present in these compounds. The resistivity behavior study correlates with microstructural studies. A large change in thermopower of −8 μV/K was obtained at the magneto-structural transition for the x=2 compound.     

Unravelling Mathieu moonshine

The D1–D5–KK–p system naturally provides an infinite-dimensional module graded by the dyonic charges whose dimensions are counted by the Igusa cusp form, _Φ10(Z)${\Phi }_{10}(\mathbf{Z})$. We show that the Mathieu group, _M24$M_{24}$, acts on this module by recovering the Siegel modular forms that count twisted dyons as a trace over this module. This is done by recovering Borcherds product formulae for these modular forms using the _M24$M_{24}$ action. This establishes the correspondence (‘moonshine’) proposed in arXiv:0907.1410 that relates conjugacy classes of _M24$M_{24}$ to Siegel modular forms. This also, in a sense that we make precise, subsumes existing moonshines for _M24$M_{24}$ that relates its conjugacy classes to eta-products and Jacobi forms.     

Simulation of spray combustion in a lean-direct injection combustor

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of a liquid-fueled lean-direct injection (LDI) combustor is carried out by resolving the entire inlet flow path through the swirl vanes and the combustor. A localized dynamic subgrid closure is combined with a subgrid mixing and combustion model so that no adjustable parameters are required for both non-reacting and reacting LES. Time-averaged velocity predictions compare well with the measured data. The unsteady flow features that play a major role in spray dispersion, fuel–air mixing and flame stabilization are identified from the simulation data. It is shown that the vortex breakdown bubble (VBB) is smaller with more intense reverse flow when there is heat release. The swirling shear layer plays a major role in spray dispersion and the VBB provides an efficient flameholding mechanism to stabilize the flame.     

An efficient synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydro-xanthene derivatives promoted by a room temperature ionic liquid at ambient conditions under ultrasound irradiation

The condensation reaction involving an aldehyde and diketone was efficiently promoted by the Ionic liquid, [Hbim]BF(4) (IL) as a reaction medium with methanol as co-solvent at ambient temperature under ultrasonic irradiation to afford the corresponding 1,8-dioxo-octahydro-xanthene (xanthene) derivatives in excellent yields. The advantages of this method include among others the use of a recyclable, non-volatile ionic liquid, which promotes this protocol under ambient temperature without the requirement of any added catalyst. The reaction times and yields are compared with p-TSA catalyzed synthesis of xanthenes under thermal conditions, which is also reported for the first time under our reaction conditions.     

Resonantly enhanced off-specular X-ray scattering from polymer/polymer interfaces<Superscript>⋆</Superscript>

We have used measurements of the absolute intensity of diffuse X-ray scattering to extract the interfacial tension of a buried polymer/polymer interface. Diffuse scattering was excited by an X-ray standing wave whose phase was adjusted to have a high intensity at the polymer/polymer interface and simultaneously a node at the polymer/air interface. This method permits the capillary-wave-induced roughness of the interface, and hence the interfacial tension, to be measured independently of the polymer/polymer interdiffusion.     

Insect growth regulatory activity of carvacrol-based 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles

Abstract 

In designing of novel insect growth regulators (IGRs), biologically occurring carvacrol has been structurally modified to thiadiazole and oxadiazole moieties. Two series of carvacrol analogs containing 1,3,4-thiadiazole (VIIIa–e) and 1,3,4-oxadiazole (IXa–e) derivatives are designed and synthesized. Their structures are confirmed by FT-IR, \(^{1}\text {H}\) NMR, \(^{13}\)C NMR and LC-MS. IGR activity is tested against Spodoptera litura. Several analogs displayed IGR activity against this insect pest. Compounds VIIIe and IXe displayed relatively good IGR activity with \(\text {GI}_{50 }\)values 117.43 and 108.83 ppm against Spodoptera litura, respectively.

Graphical Abstract

Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of carvacrol-based 1,3,4-thiadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives as potent insect growth regulators (IGRs).

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Absence of morphotropic phase boundary effects in BiFeO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–PbTiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> thin films grown via a chemical multilayer deposition method

We report an unusual behavior observed in (BiFeO₃)_1−x –(PbTiO₃) _x (BF–xPT) thin films prepared using a multilayer chemical solution deposition method. Films of different compositions were grown by depositing several bilayers of BF and PT precursors of varying BF and PT layer thicknesses followed by heat treatment in air. X-ray diffraction showed that samples of all compositions show mixing of two compounds resulting in a single-phase mixture, also confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. In contrast to bulk compositions, samples show a monoclinic (M_A-type) structure suggesting disappearance of the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) at x=0.30 as observed in the bulk. This is accompanied by the lack of any enhancement of the remanent polarization at the MPB, as shown by the ferroelectric measurements. Magnetic measurements showed an increase in the magnetization of the samples with increasing BF content. Significant magnetization in the samples indicates melting of spin spirals in the BF–xPT films, arising from a random distribution of iron atoms. Absence of Fe²⁺ ions was corroborated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The results illustrate that thin film processing methodology significantly changes the structural evolution, in contrast to predictions from the equilibrium phase diagram, besides modifying the functional characteristics of the BP-xPT system dramatically.     

Growth,optical, mechanical and electrical studies of nonlinear optical crystal: l-Valinium oxalate

l-Valinium oxalate (LVO) single crystal has been grown by solution growth technique at room temperature. The crystal structure and lattice parameters were determined for the grown crystal by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Optical constants like band gap, refractive index, reflectance, extinction coefficient and electric susceptibility were determined from UV–vis–NIR spectrum. The microhardness studies reveal the mechanical strength of the grown crystal. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and AC conductivity of the compound were calculated at different temperatures and frequencies to analyze the electrical properties. Nonlinear optical property was discussed to confirm the SHG efficiency of the grown crystal.