Catalytic mechanism of yeast cytosine deaminase: an ONIOM computational study

The complete path for the deamination reaction catalyzed by yeast cytosine deaminase (yCD), a zinc metalloenzyme of significant biomedical interest, has been investigated using the ONIOM method. Cytosine deamination proceeds via a sequential mechanism involving the protonation of N(3), the nucleophilic attack of C(4) by the zinc-coordinated hydroxide, and the cleavage of the C(4)-N(4) bond. The last step is the rate determining step for the generation of the zinc bound uracil. Uracil is liberated from the Zn atom by an oxygen exchange mechanism that involves the formation of a gem-diol intermediate from the Zn bound uracil and a water molecule, the C(4)-O(Zn) cleavage, and the regeneration of the Zn-coordinated water. The rate determining step in the oxygen exchange is the formation of the gem-diol intermediate, which is also the rate determining step for the overall yCD-catalyzed deamination reaction.     

Hammerstein Integral Equations with Nontrivial Solutions

By means of critical point theory, existence theorems for nontrivial solutions to the Hammerstein equation x = KFx are given, where K is a compact linear integral operator and F is a nonlinear superposition operator. To this end, appropriate conditions on the spectrum of the linear parte are combined with growth and representation conditions on the nonlinear part to ensure the applicability of the mountain — pass lemma. The abstract existence theorems are applied to nonlinear elliptic equations and systems subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions.     

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over mesoporous TiO2/metal nanocomposites

Na⁺ complex with the dibenzo-18-crown-6 ester was used as a template to synthesize mesoporous titanium dioxide with the specific surface area 130–140 m²/g, pore diameter 5–9 nm and anatase content 70–90%. The mesoporous TiO₂ samples prepared were found to have photocatalytic activity in Cu^II, Ni^II and Ag^I reduction by aliphatic alcohols. The resulting metal–semiconductor nanostructures have remarkable photocatalytic activity in hydrogen evolution from water–alcohol mixtures, their efficiency being 50–60% greater than that of the metal-containing nano-composites based on TiO₂ Degussa P25.The effects of the thermal treatment of mesoporous TiO₂ upon its photocatalytic activity in hydrogen production were studied. The anatase content and pore size were found to be the basic parameters determining the photoreaction rate. The growth of the quantum yield of hydrogen evolution from TiO₂/Ag⁰ to TiO₂/Ni⁰ to TiO₂/Cu⁰ was interpreted in terms of differences in the electronic interaction between metal nanoparticles and the semiconductor surface. It was found that there is an optimal metal concentration range where the quantum yield of hydrogen production is maximal. A decrease in the photoreaction rate at further increment in the metal content was supposed to be connected with the enlargement of metal nanoparticles and deterioration of the intimate electron interaction between the components of the metal–semiconductor nanocomposites.     

Photopolymerization of water-soluble acrylic monomers induced by colloidal CdS and Cd x Zn1 − x S nanoparticles

Photocatalytic activity of CdS and Cd _x Zn_1−x S nanoparticles in the polymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid in aqueous solutions has been found. It has been shown that the most probable way of the photogeneration of primary radicals is the reduction of an adsorbed monomer by the conduction band electrons of the semiconductor nanoparticles, a monomer oxidation by the valence band holes and atomic hydrogen addition to a monomer being complementary photoinitiation routes. A correlation between the composition of Cd_xZn_1-xS nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity in the acrylamide polymerization has been established. It has been shown that an increase in the quantum yield of the photopolymerization in a sequence СdS < Cd_0.75Zn_0.25S < CdS_0.5Zn_0.5S < Cd_0.3Zn_0.7S originates from a concurrent increase of the conduction band potential of the semiconductor nanoparticles. A kinetic equation of the photocatalytic acrylamide polymerization has been derived. Quantum yields of the photoinitiation have been found to be as small as 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻³.     

Divergent C-H functionalizations directed by sulfonamide pharmacophores: late-stage diversification as a tool for drug discovery

Modern drug discovery is contingent on identifying lead compounds and rapidly synthesizing analogues. The use of a common pharmacophore to direct multiple and divergent C-H functionalizations of lead compounds is a particularly attractive approach. Herein, we demonstrate the viability of late-stage diversification through the divergent C-H functionalization of sulfonamides, an important class of pharmacophores found in nearly 200 drugs currently on the market, including the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory blockbuster drug celecoxib. We developed a set of six categorically different sulfonamide C-H functionalization reactions (olefination, arylation, alkylation, halogenation, carboxylation, and carbonylation), each representing a distinct handle for further diversification to reach a large number of analogues. We then performed late-stage, site-selective diversification of a sulfonamide drug candidate containing multiple potentially reactive C-H bonds to synthesize directly novel celecoxib analogues as potential cyclooxygenase-II (COX-2)-specific inhibitors. Together with other recently developed practical directing groups, such as CONHOMe and CONHC(6)F(5), sulfonamide directing groups demonstrate that the auxiliary approach established in asymmetric catalysis can be equally effective in developing broadly useful C-H activation reactions.     

Сrystal structure and physical properties of the new ternary antimonides Ln3Pd8Sb4 (Ln=Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm)

The ternary antimonides Ln₃Pd₈Sb₄ (Ln=Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm) have been synthesized for the first time. The crystal structure of Er₃Pd₈Sb₄ has been solved from the X-ray single crystal data: own type structure, space group Fm3¯m, a=1.3050(1) nm, R_F=0.0484, R_W=0.0524 for 17 free parameters and 401 reflections with F(hkl)>4σ(F). The structure of Er₃Pd₈Sb₄ can be viewed as a ternary ordered version of the Sc₁₁Ir₄-type. The lattice parameters of the isotypic compounds Ln₃Pd₈Sb₄ (Ln=Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm) have been refined from the X-ray powder diffraction data. The magnetic and electrical properties of the compounds Ln₃Pd₈Sb₄ (Ln=Tb, Ho, Er) have been studied down to 1.75 K. The Ho- and Er-based phases have been found to order antiferromagnetically at 2.5 and 2.0 K, respectively. For all three compounds, the magnetic susceptibility follows in the paramagnetic region the Curie-Weiss behavior with the effective magnetic moments close to the respective free trivalent ion values. All three antimonides studied exhibit metallic character of the electrical conductivity.     

Arylation of Rhodium(II) Azavinyl Carbenes with Boronic Acids

A highly efficient and stereoselective arylation of in situ-generated azavinyl carbenes affording 2,2-diaryl enamines at ambient temperatures has been developed. These transition-metal carbenes are directly produced from readily available and stable 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles in the presence of a rhodium carboxylate catalyst. In several cases, the enamines generated in this reaction can be cyclized into substituted indoles employing copper catalysis.     

Sequential allylic C-H amination/vinylic C-H arylation: a strategy for unnatural amino acid synthesis from α-olefins

Tandem reaction sequences that selectively convert multiple C-H bonds of abundant hydrocarbon feedstocks to functionalized materials enable rapid buildup of molecular complexity in an economical way. A tandem C-H amination/vinylic C-H arylation reaction sequence is described under Pd(II)/sulfoxide-catalysis that furnishes a wide range of α- and β-homophenylalanine precursors from commodity α-olefins and readily available aryl boronic acids. General routes to enantiopure amino acid esters and densely functionalized homophenylalanine derivatives are demonstrated.