磷酸锆催化剂用于生物质转化

随着化石燃料的减少和能源危机的加重,开发利用可再生的新能源迫在眉睫.生物质作为一种重要的可再生资源,是现代化学工业中的能源和有机碳的重要潜在替代物,将其转化为高附加值化学品具有巨大的开发潜力和实际应用价值.因此,对于生物质资源的高效转化及综合利用越来越受到人们的广泛关注,而催化化学转化是当前实现生物质升值利用的重要途径之一.近年来,磷酸锆逐渐发展成为一种新型的过渡金属磷酸盐多功能材料,在离子交换,吸附,质子传导,光化学,材料化学,催化等领域具有广泛的应用.根据我们和其他课题组的研究基础,本文简要总结了无定形、介孔和结晶型磷酸锆(α、γ、τ)特别是α-磷酸锆材料的制备方法,结构和催化性能.在其结构中,不同的磷氧基团和水分子,锆氧八面体和磷氧四面体通过氧桥相互连接在一起.在特定的制备条件下,可以得到无定形磷酸锆、层状结构的α/γ-磷酸锆或者三维结构的τ-磷酸锆.磷酸锆材料具有极高的热稳定性,优异的耐水能力,且在极性介质(包括水相)中仍然能够显示出中强酸性,不仅具有布朗斯特酸性和路易斯酸性,而且通过控制磷和锆的比例可以调节两种酸的浓度.本文重点介绍了磷酸锆催化剂在生物质平台分子转化(如催化脱水,加氢/氢解,氧化和酯化等)反应中的最新研究进展,特别指出,磷酸锆表现出的高热稳定性,耐水性和中强酸性使其成为具有高活性、高稳定性的多相催化剂.已有研究表明,磷酸锆既可以直接作为固体酸催化剂,也可以将其它金属及其氧化物等活性组分负载于酸性磷酸锆上,可构建包含酸中心、金属中心的多功能催化剂,实现酸催化、加氢、氧化等多步反应,从而应用于由生物质平台分子制取燃料或者精细化学品催化转化过程.总之,磷酸锆用于生物质转化已经取得了一些重要的进展,也是目前该领域的研究热点之一.虽然已有很多磷酸锆催化剂的研究工作,但是在该领域仍然需要更加深入和广泛的研究.在了解催化反应机理的基础上,更加精确设计、改良催化剂的结构,高效应用在生物质转化以及其他催化反应中.     

Characteristics of uranium sorption on illite in a ternary system: effect of phosphate on adsorption

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - Na, Mg, Al and Cl in Roman glasses and pottery were analyzed by PIGE with 2.5 MeV protons and 2.0 MeV deuteron activation...     

Transition metal promoted carboxylation of unsaturated substrates with carbon dioxide

The use of CO₂ as a C1 building block for the synthesis of useful chemicals is of great significance, and has attracted increasing attention in recent years. The transition metal catalyzed or mediated addition of CO₂ to unsaturated chemical bonds has proved to be a powerful and versatile protocol for the incorporation of CO₂ into various unsaturated organic substrates such as alkynes, alkenes, allenes, aldehydes, and 1,3-dienes. The hydrogenative, alkylative and arylative carboxylation, heterocarboxylation, and carboxylative cyclization with CO₂ have led to efficient and selective formation of various functionalized carboxylic acids and derivatives. This review focuses on recent advances in this area with emphasis on conceptual reaction design.     

Hypervalent Iodine(III) Sulfonate Mediated Synthesis of Quinoxalines in Liquid PEG‐400

PEG‐400[poly(ethylene glycol‐400)] is used as a “green” recyclable solvent in the one‐pot synthesis of quinoxalines by reaction with aryl ketones, hypervalent Iodine(III) Sulfonate, and o‐phenylenediamines. Significant rate enhancements and improved yields have been observed.     

Complexation amplified pH oscillation in metal involved systems

A novel mechanism of amplifying pH oscillations by pH-dependent EDTA-metal ion complexation is proposed. If there is a metal ion involved in the H(+) consuming reactions in the pH oscillator and the metal's complex formation constant is big enough, the nonlinear coupling of the original oscillator with the complexation induced metal ion oscillation can finally amplify the pH oscillation. This effect is demonstrated in H(2)O(2)-S(2)O(3)(2-)-Cu(2+) system and further discussed in three other systems. Since pH oscillation is widely used in many areas as a spontaneous periodical driving force at the molecular level, this work may help to broaden the driving range of pH oscillators.