Mixing method influence on compatibility and polymorphism studies by DSC and statistical analysis

Most of the pharmaceutical products are formulated as solid dosage form, which may present drug–excipient interactions that lead to changes in the chemical nature of the drug, such as solubility and bioavailability and may compromise its safety and effectiveness. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a widely used method for the rapid evaluation of the drug-excipient compatibility and the stability of the mixture formed; however, there is no consensus on the preparation methods of the drug–excipient mixtures. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the mixing method on the drug–excipient compatibility studies by means of DSC analysis, using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate as a drug model. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the heat of fusion of the drug in the mixtures prepared by several mixing methods. Vortex Mixer with a Pop-Off Cup used for 3 min proved to be very satisfactory for these studies. A polymorphic transition was observed in the mixture prepared with the mortar and pestle. Therefore, this method should be avoided since it may induce errors in the interpretation of DSC results. In this way, the mixing method used to prepare a mixture for studies of interactions between the API and the excipients in a pharmaceutical formulation has a great influence on the results and it must be chosen carefully.     

Gender effect on neurodegeneration and myelin markers in an animal model for multiple sclerosis

Background  

Multiple sclerosis (MS) varies considerably in its incidence and progression in females and males. In spite of clinical evidence, relatively few studies have explored molecular mechanisms possibly involved in gender-related differences. The present study describes possible cellular- and molecular-involved markers which are differentially regulated in male and female rats and result in gender-dependent EAE evolution and progression. Attention was focused on markers of myelination (MBP and PDGFαR) and neuronal distress and/or damage (GABA synthesis enzymes, GAD65 and GAD67, NGF, BDNF and related receptors), in two CNS areas, i.e. spinal cord and cerebellum, which are respectively severely and mildly affected by inflammation and demyelination. Tissues were sampled during acute, relapse/remission and chronic phases and results were analysed by two-way ANOVA.     

Highly Enantioselective Construction of Tricyclic Derivatives by the Desymmetrization of Cyclohexadienones

The asymmetric synthesis of tricyclic compounds by the desymmetrization of cyclohexadienones is presented. The reaction tolerated a large variety of substituents at different positions of the cyclohexadienone, and heterocyclic rings of different sizes were accessible. Density functional theory calculations showed that the reaction proceeds through an asynchronous [4+2] cycloaddition.     

A new zirconium inorganic building brick forming metal organic frameworks with exceptional stability

Porous crystals are strategic materials with industrial applications within petrochemistry, catalysis, gas storage, and selective separation. Their unique properties are based on the molecular-scale porous character. However, a principal limitation of zeolites and similar oxide-based materials is the relatively small size of the pores, typically in the range of medium-sized molecules, limiting their use in pharmaceutical and fine chemical applications. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) provided a breakthrough in this respect. New MOFs appear at a high and an increasing pace, but the appearances of new, stable inorganic building bricks are rare. Here we present a new zirconium-based inorganic building brick that allows the synthesis of very high surface area MOFs with unprecedented stability. The high stability is based on the combination of strong Zr-O bonds and the ability of the inner Zr6-cluster to rearrange reversibly upon removal or addition of mu3-OH groups, without any changes in the connecting carboxylates. The weak thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability of most MOFs is probably the most important property that limits their use in large scale industrial applications. The Zr-MOFs presented in this work have the toughness needed for industrial applications; decomposition temperature above 500 degrees C and resistance to most chemicals, and they remain crystalline even after exposure to 10 tons/cm2 of external pressure.     

Evaluation of translational friction coefficients of macroscopic probes in nematic liquid crystals

We present a study of the translational friction coefficients of spherical and ellipsoidal probes in nematic liquid crystalline fluids, based on the numerical treatment of Leslie-Ericksen equations [Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 19, 357 (1966); Adv. Liq. Cryst. 4, (1979); Trans. Soc. Rheol. 5, 23 (1961); Adv. Liq. Cryst. 2, 233 (1976)] for incompressible nematic fluids. Simulations of director dynamics in a local environment surrounding the moving probe are presented, and the dependence of translational diffusion on liquid crystal viscoelastic parameters is discussed. The time evolution of the director field is studied in the presence of an orienting magnetic field in two characteristic situations: Directors of motion parallel and perpendicular with respect to the field. In the particular case under investigation, a detailed analysis is given for the case of spherical, prolate, and oblate ellipsoidal probes in rectilinear motion in nematic (4-methoxibenzylidene-4'-n-butylaniline), together with a comparison with other nematogens, namely, 4,4'-dimethoxuazoxy benzene and (4'-n-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenil). A discussion of the general methodology presented in this work is given for the case of colloidal dispersions in nematic liquid crystals, which are considered as model systems of dispersions of particles in host media with anisotropic physical properties.     

Rapid capillary zone electrophoresis method for the determination of metal cations in beverages

A rapid and reliable capillary zone electrophoresis method for the determination of inorganic cations was developed. The complete separation of K⁺, Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺, Li⁺ and Cu²⁺ can be achieved in 4 min with a simple electrolyte composed by 10 mM imidazole as the carrier buffer and background absorbance provider and acetic acid as the complexing agent (pH 3.60). Injection was performed hydrostatically by elevating the sample at 10 cm for 30 s. The running voltage was +25 kV at room temperature. Indirect UV-absorption detection was achieved at 185 nm. The detection limit was in the range between 0.06 mg/l (Mg²⁺) and 0.57 mg/l (K⁺) and the quantification limits ranged from 0.10 mg/l (Ni²⁺) to 0.80 mg/l (Cu²⁺). The calibration graphs were linear in the concentration range from the quantification limit till at least 1 g/l in K⁺, 10 mg/l in Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cd²⁺, 40 mg/l in Na⁺ and 12 mg/l in Li⁺ and Cu²⁺. The repeatability, intraday and interday analysis were ≤1.55% and ≤3.64% for migration time and ≤3.38% and ≤3.63% for peak area. The method developed has been applied to several beverage samples with only a simple dilution and filtration treatment of the sample. The proposed method is simple, fast, cheap and it is achieved with common products in either laboratory. For these reasons, it is a very useful method for routine analysis.     

Preparation and structural characterization of transition-metal complexes featuring the cymantrenyl(bromo)boryl ligand

In the present paper, we describe the first structural characterization of cymantrenyl(dihalo)borane and report on its use for the synthesis of novel cymantrenylboryl complexes.     

Tuning the electronic communication and rates of intramolecular electron transfer of dimers of trinuclear ruthenium clusters: bridging and ancillary ligand effects

Ten new bridged dimers of oxo-centered triruthenium clusters with CO and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (dmap), pyridine (py), or 4-cyanopyridine (cpy) as terminal ligands and pyrazine-d(4) (d(4)-pz), 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (dmpz), 2-methylpyrazine (mpz), and 2-chloropyrazine (clpz) as bridging ligands were prepared. The carbonyl stretching frequency, nu(CO), was used as a probe for infrared spectroelectrochemical measurements. In the neutral and doubly reduced states, a single band was observed for each of the dimers, with a shift in frequency due to the oxidation state of the triruthenium clusters. In the singly reduced state, a range of nu(CO) line shapes was observed, depending on the nature of the ligands, from two bands centered at the frequencies of the bands of the neutral and doubly reduced species to one broad band at the average of these two frequencies. By synthesizing new combinations of bridging and ancillary ligands, electronic communication between two bridged triruthenium clusters was effectively tuned, and electron-transfer rates were estimated by IR spectral line-shape analysis. In dimers bridged by the asymmetric ligand mpz, it was possible through selective isotope labeling of one CO ligand to observe "mixed-valence isomers," the two alternate charge distributions of a mixed-valence complex.     

Proteomics study of anthrax lethal toxin-treated murine macrophages

The anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) is composed of two proteins, protective antigen and lethal factor, which bind and enter the cell through a host receptor termed the anthrax toxin receptor (ATR). In the cell, LeTx targets p38, part of the MAP kinase signaling pathway. The toxin appears to initiate an apoptotic pathway in infected cells, indicating additional downstream targets of the toxin. We have applied a proteomics approach to investigate these downstream targets and the affected processes. In this study we have used an improved strategy for fractionation based on protein pI, off-gel electrophoresis, employed in conjunction with relative quantitation using the mass labeling approach. In our survey, 67 proteins were observed and quantified from the cytosol of RAW 264.7 cells with respect to control versus toxin-treated cells. Many of these proteins are involved in the oxidative stress response, as well as apoptosis, and thus likely to be relevant to the effects of anthrax in infected cells. Our results indicate that the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated pathway is compromised in intoxicated cells. The knowledge of such changes and the pathways leading to the changes should be of great value in understanding and combating this disease.