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11.
Saul Barshay 《Physics letters. [Part B]》1981,101(3):155-158
We discuss, and give a definite, simple phenomenological example, of the possibility that the baryon asymmetry is related to a failure of CPT invariance for a brief time interval at the origin of the universe. 相似文献
12.
Saul Stahl 《Journal of Graph Theory》1978,2(4):275-298
Topological graph theory seeks to find answers to the question of how graphs map into surfaces. This paper surveys the information now available about the range of a graph, namely, the set of surfaces on which the graph can be “neatly” embedded. Several other closely related topics, such as irreducible graphs, coloring problems, and crossing numbers, are ignored. As is quite often the case with mathematical theories, this discipline developed in a rather haphazard manner. Many isolated results existed before the practitioners became aware of the fact that they were developing a theory. The turning point occurred in 1968, when Ringel and Youngs completed their proof of the Heawood conjecture. Their proof, in addition to settling an old unsolved problem, also reinforced the significance of the rotation systems. It is the author's belief that these rotation systems, together with the generalized embedding schemes can, and should, become the main tool in all investigations concerning the embeddings of a graph. This survey is written from that point of view. After defining the scope of the area surveyed, this paper proceeds to discuss the significance of the rotation systems and embedding schemes. Several theorems of a general nature are listed. Attention is then focused on the maximum and minimum genera of a graph. Discussion of the first of these is deferred to another survey article by R. Ringeisen to appear in a subsequent issue. The various methods developed by researchers in this area for determining the (minimum) genus are then described. This is followed by a listing of all the theoretical information that is available about the genus parameter. The paper includes two tables that exhibit most of the graphs with known genus. 相似文献
13.
Salter RS Legg D Ossanna N Boyer C Scheemaker J Markovsky R Saul SJ 《Journal of AOAC International》2001,84(1):29-36
The Charm Safe-Level beta-Lactam Test was evaluated by a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) test protocol administered by the AOAC-Research Institute. The sensitivity and selectivity of the test were evaluated with >800 negative raw commingled and drug-fortified milk samples by the manufacturer and an independent laboratory. Probit analysis by the independent laboratory determined the following 90% positive levels with 95% confidence: amoxicillin, 5.6 ppb; ampicillin, 8.5 ppb; cephapirin, 13.7 ppb; ceftiofur, 46.2 ppb; and penicillin G, 3.6 ppb. These values were within a range of +/- 20% of the manufacturer's data. Selection of negative samples met confidence specifications. Ruggedness parameters were studied and defined, and the stability of frozen milk was verified. There were no interferences from somatic cells (1,000,000 somatic cell count/mL) or bacteria (300,000 colony-forming units/mL), or from 27 other non-beta-lactam animal drugs. Test performance with raw milk samples containing incurred penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin was consistent with the dose responses determined with fortified milk samples. Incurred cephalosporin in raw milk samples was detected at lower levels than was cephalosporin in fortified milk samples, presumably because of the presence of metabolite, as verified by other test methods. Quality control data support consistency in manufacture between batches and the stability of refrigerated test reagents for up to 1 year. Successful fulfillment of these criteria led to FDA certification of the test when used with a reader in U.S. milk testing programs. 相似文献
14.
Williams GR Moorhouse SJ Prior TJ Fogg AM Rees NH O'Hare D 《Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)》2011,40(22):6012-6022
This paper reports a number of recent developments in the intercalation chemistry of Al(OH)(3). From Rietveld refinement and solid-state NMR, it has been possible to develop a structural model for the recently reported [M(II)Al(4)(OH)(12)](NO(3))(2)·yH(2)O family of layered double hydroxides (LDHs). The M(2+) cations occupy half of the octahedral holes in the Al(OH)(3) layers, and it is thought that there is complete ordering of the metal ions while the interlayer nitrate anions are highly disordered. Filling the remainder of the octahedral holes in the layers proved impossible. While the intercalation of Li salts into Al(OH)(3) is facile, it was found that the intercalation of M(II) salts is much more capricious. Only with Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn nitrates and Zn sulfate were phase-pure LDHs produced. In other cases, there is either no reaction or a phase believed to be an LDH forms concomitantly with impurity phases. Reacting Al(OH)(3) with mixtures of M(II) salts can lead to the production of three-metal M(II)-M(II)'-Al LDHs, but it is necessary to control precisely the starting ratios of the two M(II) salts in the reaction gel because Al(OH)(3) displays selective intercalation of M nitrate (Li > Ni > Co ≈ Zn). The three-metal M(II)-M(II)'-Al LDHs exhibit facile ion exchange intercalation, which has been investigated in the first energy dispersive X-ray diffraction study of a chemical reaction system performed on Beamline I12 of the Diamond Light Source. 相似文献
15.
Saul I. Gass 《The Journal of the Operational Research Society》1986,37(8):779-785
Many planning models can be formulated as large-scale linear goal-programming problems in which the analyst and user must establish thousands of objective-function weights that reflect the priorities of the many goals. How to select such weights so as to have the resulting optimal solution be a suitable compromise solution is the main focus of this paper. We first describe the problem setting that gave rise to the need, here military personnel planning, and then a process by which a set of goal priorities and objective-function weights can be developed using Saaty's analytic hierarchy process. 相似文献
16.
Feng Luo Saul Schleimer Stephan Tillmann 《Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society》2008,136(7):2625-2630
It is shown that every non-compact hyperbolic manifold of finite volume has a finite cover admitting a geodesic ideal triangulation. Also, every hyperbolic manifold of finite volume with non-empty, totally geodesic boundary has a finite regular cover which has a geodesic partially truncated triangulation. The proofs use an extension of a result due to Long and Niblo concerning the separability of peripheral subgroups.
17.
The paper studies the question of whether the classical mirror and synchronous couplings of two Brownian motions minimise and maximise, respectively, the coupling time of the corresponding geometric Brownian motions. We establish a characterisation of the optimality of the two couplings over any finite time horizon and show that, unlike in the case of Brownian motion, the optimality fails in general even if the geometric Brownian motions are martingales. On the other hand, we prove that in the cases of the ergodic average and the infinite time horizon criteria, the mirror coupling and the synchronous coupling are always optimal for general (possibly non-martingale) geometric Brownian motions. We show that the two couplings are efficient if and only if they are optimal over a finite time horizon and give a conjectural answer for the efficient couplings when they are suboptimal. 相似文献
18.
We consider the problem of determining variational, external-field-dependent corrections to nonoptimal zero-field nonlinear parameters. Both a direct analytic perturbation analysis and finite perturbation methods are described in a general way and in detail for the SCF approximation. The abstract theory is illustrated by reference to the results of several explicit calculations. Also, the sensitivity of the results to the choice of zero-field values is discussed. 相似文献
19.
Saul Barshay 《Zeitschrift fur Physik C Particles and Fields》1989,45(2):235-251
The electric dipole moment of the neutron will be measured to a precision of 10?25 e-cm in the near future. We explore a new theoretical possibility that P and CP noninvariance leads to a sizable electric dipole moment. We calculate an electric dipole moment of about 10?25 e-cm. In this phenomenological theory, we calculate CP-violating observables in non-leptonic decays from theK 0 ? \(\bar K^0 \) ,Λ 0 ?Λ 0 andK +?K ? systems. In connection with CP noninvariance, the possible observable occurrence of ΔS=2 decays is discussed. We calculate possible branching ratios; in particular that forΞ 0 → π? p can be as high as about 10?6. The possible existence of a weakly interacting, neutral scalar boson, which violates P and CP in the course of its propagation as a virtual particle, is considered. 相似文献
20.
We calculate the Higgs mass and the top mass starting from the principle that there are two, essentially degenerate minima in the Higgs effective potential; the second is at about the Planck energy scale M P = 1.2 × 1019 GeV. Thus the parameter of the quartic self-coupling λ h vanishes, as does β λH at M P. The new element is the addition of a quantum interaction term which couples the square of the Higgs field to the square of a pseudoscalar field, in the domain of the energy scale between about 1014 GeV and M P. We modify β λH at one loop. The pseudoscalar field which is introduced may be the field which is responsible for a spontaneous breakdown of discrete symmetry — for CP noninvariance at an energy scale of (1015–1016) GeV. The result is then a closer value for m H ? 163 GeV for the top pole-mass M t ? 190 GeV; both values are now close to the electroweak scale parameter $\langle {\phi _H}\rangle /\sqrt 2 = 175{\text{ GeV}}$ . In terms of dimensionless running coupling parameters, which determine the masses near to the electroweak scale, we get $\sqrt {{\lambda _H}} \cong 0.06$ and $gt/\sqrt 2 \cong 0.72$ , values that are close to each other and close to unity. 相似文献