A novel lip reading algorithm by using localized ACM and HMM: Tested for digit recognition

Lip contour tracking is an integral part of lip reading application. Fast and accurate lip tracking is an important step in lip reading. This paper uses a novel active contour model for lip tracking and proposes geometrical feature extraction approach for lip reading. Effect of individual features are compared and a joint feature model is obtained by combining weighted decision obtained by a feature vector of difference in inner area, height and width of lip. Ergodic hidden markov model (HMM) is used as a classifier. For each digit Markov Model is tested for 3 states and 5 states. Videos of English digit from 0 to 9 have been recorded for recognition test. Cuave database is used for comparison along with an in-house database. While doing computation of feature vectors, only significant frames are used to reduce the computation complexity. Results of experimentations on digit utterances are given to show that the maximum recognized digit can be used for important programming command of computerized numerical control machines.     

Donor-Acceptor Complexes in Copolymerization. IV. Alternating Tendency in Free Radical Copolymerization. NMR Analyses of Alternating and Random Copolymers

An NMR investigation was carried out on variable composition, random and equimolar, alternating copolymers of acrylonitrile (A) with styrene (S), isoprene (I), and butadiene (B). The NMR spectra of the SA copolymers contained peaks at 3 τ (aromatic ring protons), 7.2-7.5 τ (CH protons of A), and 8.1 -8.5 τ (CH and CH₂ protons of S and CH₂ protons of A). All NM R peaks of the alternating SA copolymer were shifted to the higher field due to the shielding effect of S. The NMR spectra of the IA copolymers contained peaks at 4.72-4.91 τ (?CH protons of I), 7.27-7.4 τ (CH protons of A), 7.71-7.93 τ (CH₂ protons of I), and 8.35 τ (CH₃ protons of I and CH₂ protons of A). The peaks at 4.72 τ (?CH) and 7.72 τ (CH₂) were assigned to I in the I-A diad and the peaks at 4.91 τ (?CH) and 7.93 τ (CH₂) were assigned to I in the I-I diad. The NMR spectra of the BA copolymers contained peaks at 4.4-4.6 τ (?CH protons of B), 7.2-7.5 τ (CH protons of A), 7.71-7.97 T (CH₂ protons of B), and 8.0-8.4 τ (CH₂ protons of A). The peaks at 4.42 τ (?CH) and 7.71 τ (CH₂) were assigned to B in the B-A diad and the peaks at 4.6 τ (?CH) and 7.9 τ(CH₂) were assigned to B in the B-B diad. The alternating structure of the copolymers prepared through metal halide-activated complexes was confirmed by NMR analysis. The random copolymers prepared by free radical initiation contain a high concentration of alternating sequences, as anticipated from the values of r₁ and r₂ where r₁(S, I, and B) is 6-10 times higher than r₂ (A).     

Donor-Acceptor Complexes in Copolymerization. XXXV. Alternating Diene-Dienophile Copolymers. 3. Copolymerization of cis- and trans-1, 3-Pentadiene with Maleic Anhydride and Acrylonitrile… AlEt1.5CI1.5

Abstract

The copolymerization of the cis or trans isomers of 1,3-pentadiene with maleic anhydride in the presence of a peroxide catalyst yields identical equimolar, alternating copolymers in which the pentadiene units have a cis-1, 4 configuration (IR, NMR). The copolymerization of the cis or trans isomers of 1, 3-pentadiene with acrylonitrile in the presence of ethyl aluminum sesquichloride yields identical equimolar, alternating copolymers in which the pentadiene units have a trans-1,4 configuration (IR, NMR). Although the trans isomer forms cyclic adducts with both maleic anhydride and acrylonitrile, the cis isomer does not undergo the Diels-Alder reaction with these dienophlles. The formation of identical copolymers from cis- and trans-1, 3-pentadiene is attributed to isomerization of the diene-dienophile charge transfer complex in the excited state, resulting in the generation of the same homopolymerizable exciplex from both isomers.     

Controlled parametric generation in a double-ladder system via all-resonant four-wave mixing

We demonstrate parametric generation of a new coherent field with a polarization orthogonal to the signal field via an all-resonant four-wave mixing process in a double-ladder system. We show that the generation of the coherent field is an efficient resonantly enhanced process that can be realized with a fairly dilute medium and relatively weak drive fields. The large parameter domain that exists in this system provides good control for both the weak probe and the generated field. Potential applications in optical communication are outlined.     

Polymeric Nanoformulation of Zoledronic Acid Rescues Osteoblasts from the Harmful Effect of its Native Form: An In Vitro Investigation of Cytotoxic Potential on Osteoblasts and Osteosarcoma Cells

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant tumor, fatal for pediatric patients who do not respond to chemotherapy, alternative therapies and drugs can provide better outcomes. Zoledronic acid (Zol) belonging to the class of bisphosphonates (BPs) has a direct antitumor ability to prevent Ras GTPases modification and stimulate apoptosis. Despite advances in maintaining balance in skeletal events and direct anticancer properties, Zol causes cytotoxicity to normal healthy pre-osteoblast cells, hampering mineralization and differentiation. The study reports the preparation and evaluation of a nanoformulation that can diminish the existing drawbacks of native Zol. The cytotoxic effect is evaluated on bone cancer cells and healthy bone cells with three different cell lines namely, K7M2 (mouse OS cell line), SaOS2 (human OS cell line), and MC3T3E1 (healthy cell counterpart). It is observed that Zol nanoformulation is uptaken more (95%) in K7M2 whereas in MC3T3E1, the percent population internalizing nanoparticles (NPs) is 45%. Zol has a sustained release of 15% after 96 h from the NP which leads to a rescuing effect on the normal pre-osteoblast cells. In conclusion, it can be stated that Zol nanoformulation can be used as a good platform for a sustained release system with minimum side effects to normal bone cells.