Construction dʼopérades ensemblistes à partir de monoïdes

We study a functorial construction from the category of monoids to the category of set-operads and we give some combinatorial examples of applications.     

Regioselective N‐Alkylation of Ethyl 4‐Benzyloxy‐1,2,3‐triazolecarboxylate: A Useful Tool for the Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid Bioisosteres

Acidic 4‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐triazole is a proven bioisostere of acidic functions that has recently been used to replace the acidic moieties of biologically active leads. Straightforward chemical strategies for the synthesis of the three possible N‐alkylated 4‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐triazole regioisomers have been designed and reported herein, by identifying the optimal conditions under which the alkylation of ethyl 4‐benzyloxy‐1,2,3‐triazolecarboxylate (compound 19 ) can be regiodirected to the triazole N(b) position and thus produce the only isomer that cannot be obtained via the cycloaddition reaction. Furthermore, an innovative platform for parallel synthesis, called Arachno and which has been patented by the authors' group, has been used to speed up the process, and an NMR study has been carried out to better understand the reactivity of compound 19 towards the N(b) position. A library of benzyloxy protected 4‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐triazoles has been prepared using the two strategies: regiodirection for the N(b) and N(c) isomers and cycloaddition for the N(a) isomers; the processes are described herein. The three N‐alkylated regioisomer series have been characterized spectroscopically (NMR and MS). The subsequent catalytic hydrogenation of the 4‐benzyloxy protective group on the N‐alkylated‐4‐benzyloxy‐5‐ethoxycarbonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles provided the corresponding substituted 4‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐triazoles.     

NMR Investigation of the Interaction of Three Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs with Human Serum Albumin

The understanding of the interaction between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and human serum albumin plays a fundamental role in the development of new drugs and new therapeutic strategies. Several studies have been performed, nevertheless, the interaction phenomena are still not fully understood. In this work, high-field solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied to compare the strength of the interaction of diclofenac sodium salt, ketorolac tris salt and flurbiprofen sodium salt toward albumin. To this aim, mono- and bi-selective relaxation rate measurements were performed by applying selective π-pulses at the selected frequencies and by following magnetization recovery. On the basis of the dependence of relaxation parameters on albumin concentration, normalized affinity indexes were calculated for several protons of the drugs. Affinity indexes for diclofenac were about five-fold higher in comparison with ketorolac and flurbiprofen. Aromatic moieties of the three drugs and methine protons at the chiral centers of ketorolac and flurbiprofen were more involved in the interaction with albumin. In conclusion, NMR spectroscopy allows not only for the comparison of drug-to-protein affinities but also points out the nature of the drug sites that are more extensively involved in the interaction.     

Novel poly(l‐lactide)/poly(d‐lactide)/poly(tetrahydrofuran) multiblock copolymers with a controlled architecture: Synthesis and characterization

Novel poly(l ‐lactide) (PLLA)/poly(d ‐lactide) (PDLA)/poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF) multiblock copolymers with designed molecular structure were synthesized by a two‐stage procedure. Well‐defined PDLA‐PLLA‐PTHF‐PLLA‐PDLA pentablock copolymers were prepared by sequential ring opening polymerization of l ‐ and d ‐lactides starting from PTHF glycol, with the length of the (equimolar) PLLA and PDLA blocks being varied. Then, these dihydroxyl‐terminated pentamers were transformed into multiblock copolymers by melt chain‐extension with hexamethylene diisocyanate–being the first time that the coupling of pentablock units is reported. The successful formation of macromolecular chains with a multiblock and well‐defined architecture was demonstrated by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The thermal properties and structuring of the resulting materials were investigated by means of DSC and WAXD measurements and DMA analysis. Stereocomplexation was found to be promoted during solution and melt crystallization. This approach affords materials combining the high rigidity and strength (other than improved thermal resistance) of the hard stereocomplex crystallites with the flexibility imparted by the soft block, whereby their properties can be finely tailored through the composition of the basic pentablock units without limitations on the final molecular weight. The adopted reaction conditions make this process highly appealing in view of the possibility to perform it in extruder. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 3269–3282     

Protein resistance of titanium oxide surfaces modified by biologically inspired mPEG-DOPA

In the present study, we have utilized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), spectroscopic ellipsometry (ELM), and optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) to examine the surface adsorption and protein resistance behavior of bio-inspired polymers consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugated to peptide mimics of mussel adhesive proteins. Peptides containing up to three residues of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), a key component of mussel adhesive proteins, were conjugated to monomethoxy-terminated PEG polymers. These mPEG-DOPA polymers were found to be highly adhesive to TiO2 surfaces, with quantitative XPS analysis providing useful insight into the binding mechanism. Additionally, the antifouling properties of immobilized PEG were reflected in the excellent resistance of mPEG-DOPA-modified TiO2 surfaces to protein adsorption. Measurements of mPEG-DOPA and human serum adsorption were related in terms of ethylene glycol (EG) surface density and serum mass adsorbed and demonstrated a threshold of approximately 15-20 EG/nm2, above which substantially little protein adsorbs. With respect to surface density of adsorbed PEG and the associated nonfouling behavior of the adlayers, strong parallels exist between the nonfouling properties of the surface-bound mPEG-DOPA polymers and PEG polymers immobilized to surfaces using other approaches. Peptide anchors containing three DOPA residues resulted in PEG surface densities higher than those achieved using several existing PEG immobilization strategies, suggesting that peptide mimics of mussel adhesive proteins may be useful for achieving high densities of protein-resistant polymers on surfaces.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance and density-functional theory studies of Cu(II)-bis(oxamato) complexes

In this work we present the investigation of the influence of electronic and structural variations induced by varying the N,N'-bridge on the magnetic properties of Cu(II)- bis(oxamato) complexes. For this study the complexes [Cu(opba)] (2-) ( 1, opba = o-phenylene- bis(oxamato)), [Cu(nabo)] (2-) ( 2, nabo = 2,3-naphthalene- bis(oxamato)), [Cu(acbo)] (2-) ( 3, acbo = 2,3-anthrachinone- bis(oxamato)), [Cu(pba)] (2-) ( 4, pba = propylene- bis(oxamato)), [Cu(obbo)] (2-) ( 5, obbo = o-benzyl- bis(oxamato)), and [Cu(npbo)] (2-) ( 6, npbo = 1,8-naphthalene- bis(oxamato)), and the respective structurally isomorphic Ni(II) complexes ( 8- 13) have been prepared as ( (n)Bu 4N) (+) salts. The new complex ( (n)Bu 4N) 2[Cu(R-bnbo)].2H 2O ( 7, R-bnbo = (R)-1,1'-binaphthalene-2,2'- bis(oxamato)) was synthesized and is the first chiral complex in the series of Cu(II)-bis(oxamato) complexes. The molecular structure of 7 has been determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. The Cu(II) ions of the complexes 1- 7 are eta (4)(kappa (2) N, kappa (2) O) coordinated with a more or less distorted square planar geometry for 1- 6 and a distorted tetrahedral geometry for 7. Using pulsed Electron Nuclear Double Resonance on complex 6, detailed information about the relative orientation of the hyperfine ( A) and nuclear quadrupole tensors ( Q) of the coordinating nitrogens with respect to the g tensor were obtained. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance studies in the X, Q, and W-band at variable temperatures were carried out to extract g and A values of N ligands and Cu ion for 1- 7. The hyperfine values were interpreted in terms of spin population on the corresponding atoms. The obtained trends of the spin population for the monomeric building blocks were shown to correlate to the trends obtained in the dependence of the exchange interaction of the corresponding trinuclear complexes on their geometry.     

Efficient synthesis and environmentally friendly reactions of PEG-supported 1,2-diaza-1,3-butadiene

[reaction: see text] Here, we report the protocol for the preparation of new poly(ethylene glycol)-supported 1,2-diaza-1,3-butadiene. In addition, we discuss an application of this supported reagent in an efficient and environmentally friendly one-pot synthesis of 2-thiazol-4-one derivatives by reaction with thioamides.     

Retrieval of the vertical column of an atmospheric constituent from data fusion of remote sensing measurements

Techniques of data fusion are presently being considered with increasing interest for application to atmospheric observations from space because of their capability to optimally exploit the complementary information provided by different instruments operating aboard on-going and future satellite missions. The task of combining measurements of the same target, when carried out at the level of the retrieved state vectors, faces with two major problems: the need to interpolate the products represented on different retrieval grids which determines a loss of information and the presence of a priori information in the products that can determine a bias in the product of the data fusion. The measurement space solution method avoids these problems. Based on this method we present a novel approach to retrieve the vertical column of an atmospheric constituent from data fusion of remote sensing measurements. We apply the method to retrieve the ozone column from the fusion of simulated measurements of the IASI nadir-viewing spectrometer onboard the METOP-A platform and of the MIPAS limb sounder onboard the ENVISAT satellite. The performance of the method is evaluated in terms of retrieval errors and averaging kernels of the products. The results show the evidence of improved retrieval quality when comparing the outcome of data fusion with that of the inversion process applied to spectra from either of the two instruments.     

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the enantiomerically pure 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline moiety of the antithrombotic (21R)- and (21S)-argatroban

The synthetic antithrombotic argatroban is a dipeptide between the nonproteogenic (2R,4R)-4-methyl-2-piperidine carboxylic acid and l-arginine, in turn bonded to a 3-methyltetrahydroquinoline sulfonyl group; the drug is usually prepared and administered as a mixture of C-21-diastereoisomers. By means of a biocatalytic transformation enantiomerically pure (R)- and (S)-synthons, suitable for the synthesis of separate (21R)- and (21S)- argatroban, were obtained.