Morphological transformations of nonequilibrium assemblies of amphiphilic diblock copolymer

Amphiphilic diblock copolymer polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-PEO) assembled into nonequilibrium bicontinuous structures or mixture of vesicles, bilayers and nanorods upon rapid micellization induced by rapid addition of selective solvent (water) into the PS-PEO solutions in a common solvent (dimethyl formamide) with different concentrations. These kinetically trapped assemblies were unstable and slowly evolved into thermodynamically favorable spheres and vesicles. The addition of non-ionic surfactant Pluronic P123 upon rapid micellization generated novel nanocages and flower-like vesicles. The nanocages spontaneously transformed into tubules capped with vesicles. These novel assemblies are beyond the classic phase diagram of block copolymer self-assemblies, especially for those primarily based on thermodynamics.     

Supercapacitive Swing Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide

An electrical effect, the supercapacitive swing adsorption (SSA) effect is reported, which allows for reversible adsorption and desorption of carbon dioxide by capacitive charge and discharge of electrically conducting porous carbon materials. The SSA effect can be observed when an electrically conducting, nanoporous carbon material is brought into contact with carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous electrolyte. Charging the supercapacitor electrodes initiates the spontaneous organization of electrolyte ions into an electric double layer at the surface of each porous electrode. The presence of this double layer leads to reversible, selective uptake and release of the CO₂ as the supercapacitor is charged and discharged.     

Mixed‐Ligand Catalysts: A Powerful Tool in Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions have fundamentally revolutionized organic synthesis, empowering the otherwise difficult to achieve products with rapid and convenient accesses alongside excellent yields. Within these reactions, ligands often play a critical role in specifically and effectively advocating the corresponding catalysis. Consequently, a myriad of ligands have been created and applied to make a fine tuning of electronic and steric effect of catalysts, remarkably promoting catalytic efficiency and applicability. The “mixed‐ligand” concept has recently emerged; by combining and capitalizing on the superiority of each individual ligand already available, an expedient way can be achieved to reach a larger extent of catalytic diversity and efficacy. Given the availability of a wealth of ligands, it is reasonable to have great expectations for the original application of mixed‐ligand catalytic systems and their important value in organic synthesis.     

硝酸镧对长柄扁桃试管苗生根的影响

通过极差分析研究了不同浓度的硝酸镧和生长素组合对长柄扁桃试管苗生根的影响。结果表明:对长柄扁桃生根影响的主次因素为硝酸镧(La(NO3)3)>吲哚丁酸(IBA)>吲哚乙酸(IAA),最优组合为La(NO3)320 mg·L-1+IBA 0.2 mg·L-1+IAA 0.2 mg·L-1。在此条件下培养42 d后,长柄扁桃试管苗根的诱导频率达到89%,平均根长达到9.2 cm,每株根的平均个数为9.7个。对长柄扁桃的根组织活力进行测定,结果表明添加镧的处理组根系还原力是对照(不加镧)组的1.57倍。经过移栽驯化2个月后,长柄扁桃组培苗的移栽成活率达到94%,株高是对照的1.53倍。     

Synthesis of Long‐Sought C66 with Exohedral Stabilization

Previously reported fused‐pentagon fullerenes stabilized by exohedral derivatization do not share the same cage with those stabilized by endohedral encapsulation. Herein we report the crystallographic identification of ^#4348C₆₆Cl₁₀, which has the same cage as that of previously reported Sc₂@C₆₆. According to the geometrical data of ^#4348C₆₆Cl₁₀, both strain relief (at the fused pentagons) and local aromaticity (on the remaining sp²‐hybrided carbon framework) contribute to the exohedral stabilization of this long‐sought 66 carbon atom cage.     

混合基质水处理膜:材料、制备与性能

以反渗透、纳滤为代表的膜技术已广泛应用于海水和苦咸水脱盐等水处理过程。通过将纳米颗粒添加到传统复合膜基质中,可以制备具有高分离性能和耐污染性的新型膜材料。混合基质膜结合了无机材料及有机聚合物各自的优点,是新型水处理膜材料的发展方向。本文综述了添加无机纳米颗粒的混合基质反渗透、纳滤及正渗透膜的研究进展,详细讨论了不同类型纳米材料的性质和功能,分析了表面有机改性对改善纳米材料分散性以及与聚合物基质相容性的作用,探讨了纳米材料添加方式和膜制备方法对膜结构和性能的影响。在此基础上,进一步探究了混合基质膜的成膜及分离机理,归纳了目前研究中存在的主要问题,并对未来水处理膜材料的研发方向提出了建议。     

纤维素纳米晶体薄膜的制备与表征

讨论了两种新型纤维素纳米晶体(Cellulose nanocrystal,CNC)薄膜的制备方法:浸没法和旋涂法,并利用红外反射吸收光谱(Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy,IRRAS)和原子力显微镜(Atomic force microscopy,AFM)对其进行表征。AFM高度图显示两种工艺制备的CNC薄膜均由棒状的CNC纳米颗粒交错叠加而成。实验结果显示,旋涂法制备的薄膜更加光滑,粗糙度RMS约为2.7 nm。由于带电颗粒间斥力的存在,浸没法制备的CNC膜厚度最大约为15 nm,而旋涂法可以得到更厚的CNC薄膜,其厚度可达50 nm以上。研究CNC悬浮液浓度与旋涂法CNC膜厚之间的关系后发现,可以通过改变CNC溶液的浓度对薄膜厚度进行控制。IRRAS结果也证实随着CNC悬浮液浓度的增加,旋涂薄膜的厚度随之增加。     

Micellization of anionic gemini surfactants and their interaction with polyacrylamide

A series of anionic gemini surfactants have been synthesized. The surface properties and micellization process of as-prepared sulfonate gemini surfactants (SGS) and carboxylate gemini surfactant (CGS) have been studied by surface tension measurement and isothermal titration microcalorimetry. Meanwhile, the interaction of these five surfactants with polyacrylamide (PAM) was investigated using surface tension, steady-state fluorescence measurement, and isothermal titration microcalorimetry. The results show that the critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of above-mentioned surfactants are more than 1 order of magnitude lower than those of corresponding single chain surfactants. Moreover, the enthalpy of micelle formation (ΔH _mic) for the investigated gemini surfactants is negative. In the surfactant–PAM systems, the thermodynamic parameters of binding have also been determined. The conclusion may be drawn that the binding strength of SGS onto PAM is stronger than that of CGS, resulting from more compact structure of SGS aggregates. With increasing surfactant hydrophobicity, the values of ΔH _agg become more exothermic and a ΔS _agg decrease was observed. Therefore, the interaction between SGS and PAM is enthalpy-driven.     

Fabrication of anisotropic silica hollow microspheres using polymeric protrusion particles as templates

Anisotropic polystyrene/poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) (PS/P(S-DVB)) protrusion particles with various morphologies such as eyeball-like, snowman-like, and raspberry-like were synthesized using a modified seeded polymerization method by dynamically controlling and stabilizing the phase separation. The effects of swelling agent, crosslinker, and monomer concentrations on the particle morphologies were studied. Using the PS/P(S-DVB) protrusion particles as templates, anisotropic silica (SiO₂) hollow microspheres were fabricated facilely. The obtained anisotropic silica hollow spheres had a potential application in rapid waste removal and detoxification extraction with a very simple procedure.     

Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of poly(l-lactide) nanocomposites assisted by polydopamine-coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Herein, a facile and noncovalent modification for multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) is adopted by the self-polymerization of dopamine (DOPA). And, the polydopamine-coated MWNTs (D-MWNTs) were further incorporated into poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) matrix through the solvent-casting method. It is found that the D-MWNTs tend to be well dispersed in PLLA matrix than the pristine MWNTs and the D-MWNTs that can act as heterogeneous nucleators that evidently affect the morphology and crystallization behavior of PLLA. In addition, the significant improvement of dispersion and the interface interaction of PLLA/D-MWNTs, via dopamine coating between the MWNTs and PLLA matrix, results in enhanced mechanical and thermal properties and electrical conductivity. This facile methodology is believed to afford broad application potential in carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based polymer nanocomposites.