A test theory of special relativity: II. First order tests

First-order tests of special relativity are based on a comparison of clocks synchronized with the help of slow clock transport with those synchronized by the Einstein procedure. This comparison enables the measurement of the one-way velocity of light and is equivalent to a measurement of the time dilatation factor. The accuracy of present measurements is of the order 10^–7, yielding an upper limit of 3 cm/sec for the ether drift.     

Determination of labile Cu(2+) in fresh waters by chemiluminescence: interference by iron and other cations

Analysis of labile Cu²⁺ in fresh waters using the Cu²⁺-catalysed oxidation of 1,10-phenanthroline by superoxide anion radical has been investigated. It was found that certain metal ions, notably Fe³⁺, Fe²⁺ and Pb²⁺ enhance the chemiluminescence (CL) intensity of this reaction by up to an order of magnitude when present in the μM concentration range. This enhancement is considered to arise through coordination of the metal ion to 1,10-phenanthroline, which prevents free rotation of the benzene rings in the excited state intermediate thought to be responsible for light emission. This introduces a potential interference when analyzing fresh waters, which usually contain Fe³⁺ concentrations of this magnitude. However, the enhancement effect saturates at about 4 μM Fe³⁺, so that reliable results can be obtained if the water sample is supplemented with Fe³⁺ to reach this level. Application of the enhanced technique to a river water, and a reservoir to which CuSO₄ had been added to control algal growth, are described. In both cases, only a small fraction of total dissolved Cu²⁺ is labile with respect to the chemiluminesence method.     

Milnor K-theory of Smooth Varieties

Let k be a field and X a smooth projective variety of dimension d over k. Generalizing a construction of Kato and Somekawa, we define a Milnor-type group which is isomorphic to the ordinary Milnor We prove that is isomorphic to both the higher Chow group CH^d+s (X,s) and the Zariski cohomology group      

Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative annulation of o-alkynylphenols: syntheses of 2-substituted-3-aroyl-benzo[b]furans

We report here a general synthetic methodology for palladium-catalyzed carbonylative annulation of o-alkynylphenol to construct 2-substituted-3-aroyl-benzo[b]furan. On the basis of the results, this methodology could be applied to a wider selection of iodide substrates to generate desired products. In accordance with mechanistic studies, this process involves coordination of cationic and less hindered acyl palladium complexes with o-alkynylphenols to create a desired cascade triad (coordination, nucleophilic addition, and reductive elimination). Consistent with this mechanism, addition of 1 equiv of AgBF(4) to palladium catalyst Pd(Ph(3)P)(4) generates an ideal candidate for this unique transformation.     

Synthesis of photoactive p-azidotetrafluorophenylalanine containing peptide by solid-phase Fmoc methodology

[structure: see text] N-Fmoc-L-p-azidotetrafluorophenylalanine was prepared from achiral starting materials using an acetamidomalonate synthesis and enzymatic resolution. A photoactive peptide containing this fluorinated residue could be assembled using solid-phase Fmoc chemistry.     

Phenyliodonium zwitterion as an efficient electrophile in the palladium-catalyzed suzuki-type reaction: a novel method for the synthesis of 3-aryl-4-hydroxycoumarins

[reaction: see text] A palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of phenyliodonium zwitterions with aryl boronic acids has been developed. The unique characteristics of the mild reaction conditions and convenient synthetic accessibility of phenyliodonium zwitterions make this method a valuable tool for generating diversified 3-aryl-4-hydroxycoumarins.     

Upscaling and Simulation of Waterflooding in Heterogeneous Reservoirs Using Wavelet Transformations: Application to the SPE-10 Model

We have developed an accurate and highly efficient method for upscaling and simulation of immiscible displacements in three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneous reservoirs, which is an extension of the technique that we developed previously for 2D systems. The method utilizes wavelet transformations (WTs) to upscale the geological model of a reservoir, based on the spatial distribution of the single-phase permeabilities and the locations of the wells in the reservoir. It generates a non-uniform grid in which the resolved structure of the fine grid around the wells, as well as in the high-permeability sectors, are preserved, but the rest of the grid is upscaled. A robust uplayering procedure is used to reduce the number of the layers, and the WTs are used to upscale each layer areally. To demonstrate the method’s accuracy and efficiency, we have applied it to the geological model of a highly heterogeneous reservoir put forward in the tenth Society of Petroleum Engineers comparative solution project (the SPE-10 model), and carried out simulation of waterflooding in the upscaled model. Various upscaling scenarios were examined, and although some of them resulted in efficient simulations and accurate predictions, the results when non-uniform upscaling is used based on the WT technique are in excellent agreement with the solution of the same problem in the fine grid of the SPE-10 model. Most importantly, the speed-up factors that we obtain are several orders of magnitude. Hence, the method renders it unnecessary to use massively parallel computations for such problems.     

Numerical investigation of corner angle and wing number effects on fluid flow characteristics of a turbulent stellar jet

In this research the fluid dynamics characteristics of a stellar turbulent jet flow is studied numerically and the results of three dimensional jet issued from a stellar nozzle are presented. A numerical method based on control volume approach with collocated grid arrangement is employed. The turbulent stresses are approximated using k–ε and k–ω models with four different inlet conditions. The velocity field is presented and the rate of decay at jet centerline is noted. Special attention is drawn on the influence of corner angle and number of wings on mixing in stellar cross section jets. Stellar jets with three; four and five wings and 15–65° corner angles are studied. Also the effect of Reynolds number (based on hydraulic diameter) as well as the inflow conditions on the evolution of the stellar jet is studied. The Numerical results show that the jet entrains more with corner angle 65° and five wings number. The jet is close to a converged state for high Reynolds numbers. Also the influence of the inflow conditions on the jet characteristics is so strong.     

Nonelectrolyte Solvation in Aqueous Dimethyl Sulfoxide—A Calorimetric and Infrared Spectroscopic Study

We report enthalpies of solution of formamide, N,N-dimethylformamide,N,N-dimethylacetamide, acetic acid, methyl acetate, and acetonitrile in water +dimethylsulfoxide mixed solvents. These, along with literature data for additional solutes,are analyzed in terms of the extended coordination model of solvation. We alsoanalyze infrared data for several of these solutes. These analyses show thatN,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide are preferentially hydrated,while the other solutes appear to be preferentially solvated by dimethylsulfoxide.In all cases, the extent of preferential solvation is relatively small. It is also foundthat the degrees of preferential solvation recovered from analyses of the enthalpydata correspond closely to those recovered from the infrared data, although thelatter refer only to the polar chromophores on the solute molecules. It is foundthat the extent to which the solutes disrupt the solvent-solvent interactions variessystematically with the area of the nonpolar surfaces of the solute molecules.     

Counting the centralizers of some finite groups

For a finite groupG, #Cent(G) denotes the number of centralizers of its elements. A groupG is called n-centralizer if #Cent(G) =n, and primitiven-centralizer if # Cent(G)\text = # Cent\text(\fracGZ(G))\text = n\# Cent(G){\text{ = \# }}Cent{\text{(}}\frac{G}{{Z(G)}}){\text{ = }}n. In this paper we compute the number of distinct centralizers of some finite groups and investigate the structure of finite groups with exactly six distinct centralizers. We prove that ifG is a 6-centralizer group then % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaca% WGhbaabaGaamOwaiaacIcacaWGhbGaaiykaaaacaqGGaGaeyyrIaKa% aeiiaGqaciaa-readaWgaaWcbaGaa8hoaaqabaGccaGGSaGaaeiiai% aa-feadaWgaaWcbaGaa8hnaaqabaGccaGGSaGaaeiiaiaabQfadaWg% aaWcbaGaaeOmaaqabaGccaqGGaGaey41aqRaaeiiaiaabQfadaWgaa% WcbaGaaeOmaaqabaGccaqGGaGaey41aqRaaeiiaiaabQfadaWgaaWc% baGaaeOmaaqabaGccaqGGaGaae4BaiaabkhacaqGGaGaaeOwamaaBa% aaleaacaqGYaaabeaakiaabccacqGHxdaTcaqGGaGaaeOwamaaBaaa% leaacaqGYaaabeaakiaabccacqGHxdaTcaqGGaGaaeOwamaaBaaale% aacaqGYaaabeaakiaabccacqGHxdaTcaqGGaGaaeOwamaaBaaaleaa% caqGYaaabeaaaaa!62C4!\[\frac{G}{{Z(G)}}{\text{ }} \cong {\text{ }}D_8 ,{\text{ }}A_4 ,{\text{ Z}}_{\text{2}} {\text{ }} \times {\text{ Z}}_{\text{2}} {\text{ }} \times {\text{ Z}}_{\text{2}} {\text{ or Z}}_{\text{2}} {\text{ }} \times {\text{ Z}}_{\text{2}} {\text{ }} \times {\text{ Z}}_{\text{2}} {\text{ }} \times {\text{ Z}}_{\text{2}} \] .