Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins (FPOP) Maps the Epitope of EGFR Binding to Adnectin

Epitope mapping is an important tool for the development of monoclonal antibodies, mAbs, as therapeutic drugs. Recently, a class of therapeutic mAb alternatives, adnectins, has been developed as targeted biologics. They are derived from the 10th type III domain of human fibronectin (¹⁰Fn3). A common approach to map the epitope binding of these therapeutic proteins to their binding partners is X-ray crystallography. Although the crystal structure is known for Adnectin 1 binding to human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), we seek to determine complementary binding in solution and to test the efficacy of footprinting for this purpose. As a relatively new tool in structural biology and complementary to X-ray crystallography, protein footprinting coupled with mass spectrometry is promising for protein–protein interaction studies. We report here the use of fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) coupled with MS to map the epitope of EGFR-Adnectin 1 at both the peptide and amino-acid residue levels. The data correlate well with the previously determined epitopes from the crystal structure and are consistent with HDX MS data, which are presented in an accompanying paper. The FPOP-determined binding interface involves various amino-acid and peptide regions near the N terminus of EGFR. The outcome adds credibility to oxidative labeling by FPOP for epitope mapping and motivates more applications in the therapeutic protein area as a stand-alone method or in conjunction with X-ray crystallography, NMR, site-directed mutagenesis, and other orthogonal methods. Figure

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Functional Microgels Assisted Tryptic Digestion and Quantification of Cytochrome c Through Internal Standard Mass Spectrometry

Quantitation of cytochrome c (Cyt c) in cell lysates through surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) using gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as the matrix and GR-10 peptide as an internal standard has been demonstrated. To shorten digestion time, temperature sensitive microgels containing trypsin (TR) and Au NPs have been employed. As-prepared functional microgels (TR/Au NPs/MGs) allow digestion of Cyt c within 15 s under microwave irradiation. The internal standard SALDI-MS approach provides linearity (R² = 0.98) of MS signal ratio (I _1168.6/I _1067.6) of the tryptic digested peptide (m/z 1168.6) to GR-10 peptide (m/z 1067.6) against the concentration of Cyt c ranging from 25 to 200 nM, with a limit of detection (at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3) of 10 nM. This approach has been validated by the analysis of the lysates of HeLa cells, with an average concentration of 13.7?±?3.5 μM for cytoplasmic Cyt c. Increased concentrations of Cyt c in the HeLa cells treated with etoposide (a commercial drug) or carbon dots (potential drug) have been revealed through this simple, sensitive, and rapid SALDI-MS approach, supporting the drugs induced Cyt c-mediated apoptosis of the cells. This study has shown that this internal standard SALDI-MS approach holds great potential for cell study. Graphical Abstract

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The electrochemical Peltier heats of Fe(CN) 6 3− /Fe(CN) 6 4− system at 295.15 K

A specially designed thermo-electrochemical calorimeter was applied to measure the electrochemical Peltier heats (EPH) of Fe(CN) ₆ ^3?/4? system at 295.15 K. The curves of the electrode potential changes and temperature changes against time for Fe(CN) ₆ ^3?/4? couple with five groups of different concentrations were obtained under the condition of various constant-current polarizations. The EPH values for the considered electrode reaction are determined to be ?41.31, ?42.73, ?44.28, ?45.87, and ?46.65 kJ mol^?1 at the respective concentrations of 0.125, 0.175, 0.225, 0.275, and 0.300 mol dm^?3; and the EPH and the apparent enthalpy change corresponding to the infinite dilution to be ?37.42 and ?84.10 kJ mol^?1 at 295.15 K, respectively.     

Electrospinning synthesis and photocatalytic property of CaFe2O4/MgFe2O4 heterostructure for degradation of tetracycline

CaFe₂O₄/MgFe₂O₄ nanowires with heterostructure had been successfully synthesized by electrospinning method. The obtained samples were systematically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV‐Vis DR) and Environment scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The novel CaFe₂O₄/MgFe₂O₄ nanowires exhibit an enhanced photocatalytic activity for degrading of tetracycline (TC) under visible light. Compared with bare CaFe₂O₄ or MgFe₂O₄ samples, the prepared CaFe₂O₄/MgFe₂O₄ (Ca:Mg:Fe = 3:2:10) composited nanowires show the best photocatalytic performance with a degradation efficiency of 40% after 150 min reaction time. This enhancement is attributed to the heterostructure of CaFe₂O₄/MgFe₂O₄ nanowires, which effectively repress the recombination of photo‐generated electrons and holes. Based on heterostructure and energy band positions, the enhancement of mechanism under visible‐light enhances the photocatalytic activity.     

The Function of Self-Assembled Polyfluorene-Based π-Conjugated Supramolecular Structures Formed in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals

We demonstrate that the supramolecular structure can be formed through the fibrous self-assembly of the polyfluorene-based polymer F8BT in liquid crystal (LC) 5CB. With the utility of alignment layer, the F8BT molecules can be aligned and formed oriented polymer network. We found that the presence of oriented polymer network makes twisted nematic LC exhibit excellent electro-optical properties (EO) of driving voltage reduction and EO bump peak elimination. The polyfluorene-based supramolecular structure provides the function of stabilizing LC molecules. We consider this functional self-assembled network has potential to apply in various devices for the ability of improving performance in operating property.     

Azobenzene‐Functionalized Metal–Organic Polyhedra for the Optically Responsive Capture and Release of Guest Molecules

Stimuli‐responsive metal–organic polyhedra (srMOPs) functionalized with azobenzene showed UV‐irradiation‐induced isomerization from the insoluble trans‐srMOP to the soluble cis‐srMOP, whereas irradiation with blue light reversed this process. Guest molecules were trapped and released upon cis‐to‐trans and trans‐to‐cis isomerization of the srMOPs, respectively. This study provides a new direction in the ever‐diversifying field of MOPs, while laying the groundwork for a new class of optically responsive materials.     

Direct Resolution of Enantiomers of DL-Amino Acids by Thin-Layer Chromatography with Vancomycin as Impregnating Agent

JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC -     

Urea‐Based Porous Organic Frameworks: Effective Supports for Catalysis in Neat Water

Two urea‐based porous organic frameworks, UOF‐1 and UOF‐2, were synthesized through a urea‐forming condensation of 1,3,5‐benzenetriisocyanate with 1,4‐diaminobenzene and benzidine, respectively. UOF‐1 and UOF‐2 possess good hydrophilic properties and high scavenging ability for palladium. Their palladium polymers, Pd^II/UOF‐1 and Pd^II/UOF‐2, exhibit high catalytic activity and selectivity for Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions and selective reduction of nitroarenes in water. The catalytic reactions can be efficiently performed at room temperature. Palladium nanoparticles with narrow size distribution were formed after the catalytic reaction and were well dispersed in UOF‐1 and UOF‐2. XPS analysis confirmed the coordination of the urea oxygen atom with palladium. SEM and TEM images showed that the original network morphology of UOF‐1 and UOF‐2 was maintained after palladium loading and catalytic reactions.     

Solvothermal Transformation of a Calcium Oleate Precursor into Large‐Sized Highly Ordered Arrays of Ultralong Hydroxyapatite Microtubes

Hydroxyapatite (HAP), a well‐known member of the calcium phosphate family, is the major inorganic component of bones and teeth in vertebrates. The highly ordered arrays of HAP structures are of great significance for hard tissue repair and for understanding the formation mechanisms of bones and teeth. However, the synthesis of highly ordered HAP structure arrays remains a great challenge. In this work, inspired by the ordered structure of tooth enamel, we have successfully synthesized three‐dimensional bulk materials with large sizes (millimeter scale) that are made of highly ordered arrays of ultralong HAP microtubes (HOAUHMs) by solvothermal transformation of calcium oleate precursor. The core–shell‐structured oblate sphere consists of a core that is composed of HAP nanorods and a shell that consists of highly ordered HAP microtube arrays. The prepared HOAUHMs are large: 6.0 mm in diameter and up to 1.4 mm in thickness. With increasing solvothermal reaction time, the HOAUHMs grow larger; the microtubes become more uniform and more ordered. This work provides a new synthetic method for synthesizing highly ordered arrays of uniform HAP ultralong microtubes that are promising for biomedical applications.     

Crystallization behavior,tensile behavior and hydrophilicity of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blends

Binary polymer blends of hydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and hydrophilic poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) were prepared by melt blending. The crystallization behavior, mechanical properties and hydrophilicity of the binary blends were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) scanning, non-isothermal crystallization kinetics, successive self-nucleation and annealing (SSA) fractionation, tensile tests and contact angle tests. The analysis of FTIR, WAXD, DSC scanning, non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and SSA fractionation showed that the addition of PVP greatly influenced the crystallization behavior of the sample. As the PVP content increased, the crystallization temperature, crystallization rate, degree of crystallinity, and the amount of thick lamellaes decreased gradually. Meanwhile, PVP favored the formation of β-phase of PVDF. The results of tensile test revealed that the addition of PVP increased the elongation at break of the sample, and lowered the yield stress. Besides, the result of contact angle test indicated that the hydrophilicity of PVDF was remarkably improved in the presence PVP. The relationship between crystallization behavior and the tensile behavior, hydrophilicity were discussed.