Preferred dimerization of tetra-tolyl- and tetra-tosylurea derivatives of flexible and rigidified calix[4]arenes

The dimerization of tetratolyl- and tetratosyl-urea derivatives 1 and 2, derived from a tetrapentoxy calix[4]arene in the cone conformation and of the corresponding tetra-urea derivatives 3 and 4, in which the cone conformation is rigidified by the two crown-3 tethers, have been studied. All six possible equimolar mixtures were examined by 1H NMR using CDCl3 and CD2Cl2 as solvents. While no heterodimers are found for the combinations 1/3 and 2/4 in either solvent, all remaining combinations lead to the (exclusive) formation of heterodimers in CD2Cl2. In CDCl3 heterodimers are only observed for the combinations of 3 with 2 or 4. These results are discussed in terms of entropic and enthalpic contributions and compared with MD-simulations in a box of chloroform solvent molecules.     

Systematik der Seltenerdmetall-Blei-Legierungen

Zusammenfassung Das systematische Verhalten (sowie dessen Fehlen) der Seltenerdmetall-Blei-Legierungen wird untersucht. Es wurden 12 verschiedene Verbindungsstöchiometrien beobachtet. Fast alle dreiwertigen Lanthanidenelemente bilden die PhasenR ₅Pb₃,R ₅Pb₄ undRPb₃. Von den anderen möglichen Stöchiometrien kommen, mit Ausnahme vonRPb₂, nur von einigen Lanthaniden Verbindungen vor. Die bekannten kristallographischen Daten werden durchbesprochen und die Existenz und Nichtexistenz einiger Phasen auf Grund kristallchemischer Theorien diskutiert. Das Schmelzverhalten derR-reichen Eutektika und der PhasenR ₅Pb₃,RPb₂ undRPb₃ wird dargestellt. Die bekannten Informationen über diese Legierungen werden auf der Basis der relativen Volumskontraktionen und des 4f-Beitrags zur Bindung überprüft und die Ergebnisse zu Voraussagen über die relativen Stabilitäten der VerbindungenR ₅Pb₃,RPb₂ undRPb₃ verwertet.

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Systematics of the rare earth-lead alloys

The systematic behavior (and also the lack of it) in the rare earth-lead alloys is examined. Twelve different compound stoichiometries have been observed. Nearly all of the trivalent lanthanide elements form theR ₅Pb₃,R ₅Pb₄, andRPb₃ phases. For the other stoichiometries, except for possiblyRPb₂, compounds exist for only a limited number of the lanthanide elements. The known crystallographic data are reviewed, and the existence and nonexistence of some of the phases are discussed on the basis of crystal chemistry theories. The melting behaviors of theR-rich eutectic and theR ₅Pb₃,RPb₂ andRPb₃ phases are presented. The known information on these alloys is examined on the basis of the relative volume contractions and the 4f contribution to the bonding, and the results are used to predict the relative stabilities of theR ₅Pb₃,RPb₂, andRPb₃ compounds.

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Mit 8 Abbildungen

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Herrn Prof. Dr.H. Nowotny gewidmet.

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Die Arbeiten wurden im Ames-Laboratorium der US-Atomenergie-kommission durchgeführt (Beitrag Nr. 2972).     

Determination of lead in petroleum and petroleum products by atomic absorption spectrometry with a carbon rod atomizer

The use of a carbon rod atomizer for the analysis of lead in petroleum and petroleum products is described. Variables affecting sensitivity studied include: type of lead salt and type of solvent for standard and sample preparation, hydrogen diffusion flame, choice of analytical wavelength and interferences. For the 217.00-nm line, a sensitivity of 1·10^-11 g (absolute) and for the 283.31-nm line, a detection limit of 2·10^-12 g (absolute) are reported. Results of analysis of gasoline, used bunker heating oil, used jet engine lubricating oil, and crude oil for lead content are presented. An organic-to-aqueous solvent extraction system for lead is described.     

Spectroscopic investigations in molecularly organized solvent media. Part 3. Examination of the nitromethane selective quenching rule in aqueous anionic + cationic and anionic + nonionic mixed surfactant solutions

Applicability of the nitromethane selective quenching rule for discriminating between alternant versus nonalternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is examined for 20 representative PAH solutes dissolved in micellar sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) + cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), SDS + dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), SDS + Brij-35, and SDS + sodium octanoate (SO) mixed surfactant solvent media. Experimental results show that nitromethane quenched fluorescence of all 8 alternant PAHs studied in the four different solvent systems. Unexpected quenching behavior was observed, however, in the case of nonalternant PAHs. Nitromethane quenched fluorescence emission of nonalternant PAHs dissolved in the SDS + SO solvent media, which is contrary to the selective quenching rule. In the case of the mixed anionic + cationic surfactant solvent media, nitromethane quenching selectivity was restored at concentration ratios of approximately 4 : 1 (anionic:cationic) or less. Received: 22 May 1997 / Revised: 29 September 1997 / Accepted: 3 October 1997     

Die elektrische Zerstäubung von Silicium in Aceton

Zusammenfassung Die Bildung kolloider L?sungen durch Hochspannungskurzschlu\funken zwischen kleinen Siliciumstücken in Aceton unter sauerstoffreiem Stickstoff wird untersucht: sowohl die Ver?nderungen der Siliciumoberfl?chen durch das kurzzeitige Schmelzen und Verdampfen des Siliciums, als auch die chemischen Eigenschaften der in L?sung befindlichen Kolloide. Das Interesse war nicht, wie bei der Svedbergschen Kolloidzerst?ubung, auf die Methode zur Herstellung kolloider Metalle, in diesem Falle kolloiden Siliciums, gerichtet, sondern auf die chemische Umsetzung des Siliciums unter den gegebenen extremen Temperaturbedingungen mit dem Aceton zu kolloiden Siliciumverbindungen. Durch fraktioniertes Zentrifugieren und Eindampfen der Restl?sung ist die kolloide L?sung der Siliciumverbindungen in 3 Anteile zerlegt worden: Ein braunes Pulver, schwarze Flocken und ein dem Silikagel ?hnliches Gel. Die 3 Substanzen enthielten alle Si, O, C und H in Form einer anorganischen Si-O-haltigen Komponente und einer unges?ttigten Kohlenwasserstoffkomponente. Je gr?\er der Anteil der organischen Komponente ist, desto kleiner und l?slicher sind die Kolloidteilchen in Aceton. Die Struktur der Gelteilchen ist sehr labil und geht unter Verglimmen in eine stabilere aber nicht kristalline über. Dieser Vorgang findet beim Erw?rmen, auch unter vollkommenem Ausschlu\ von Sauerstoff, statt. Das Gel l?st sich in Laugen und flockt wieder mit S?uren. Das ganze Verhalten, einschlie\lich der analytischen Befunde, l?\t darauf schlie\en, da\ die hier erhaltene kolloide L?sung, aber auch das Svedbergsche Siliciumsol nicht kolloides elementares Silicium enthalten, sondern Kolloidteilchen, die silikonharzartigen Charakter besitzen. Hans Kautsky Jun. Diss. (Marburg 1954). Mein Vater, Prof. Dr. Hans Kautsky, regte mich zu dieser Arbeit an und gab mir wertvolle Ratschl?ge; ich danke ihm herzlich dafür. Herrn Dr. E. Hellner vom mineralogischen Institut der Philipps-Universit?t Marburg/Lahn, der die R?ntgenuntersuchungen unserer Substanzen vorgenommen hat, sei an dieser Stelle auch vielmals gedankt. Zu besonderem Dank bin ich der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft für die apparative Unterstützung der Arbeit verpflichtet, der Firma Rosenthal-Isolatoren Gesellschaft m. b. H., Selb, für die kostenlose überlassung der Kondensatorbatterie.     

LONG-LIVED AFTERGLOW OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN SOLUTION: PHOTOCHEMILUMINESCENCE

Abstract —Our recent research on photochemiluminescence (PCL) of pigments in solutions is reviewed. PCL was observed in the course of photooxidation by oxygen of chlorophyll a , bacteriochlorophyll, protochlorophyll, their analogs, synthetic dyes and aromatic hydrocarbons. The PCL of chlorophyll was studied in detail. It depends on oxygen concentration, intensity of exciting light, pH, nature of pigments, solvents etc. The thermochemiluminescence was observed after illumination of liquid and solid pigment solutions at low temperature (down to - 170C). The excitation spectra of PCL coincide with the pigment absorption spectra. The PCL emission spectra in most cases differ from those of pigment fluorescence. Electron acceptors, electron donors, radical inhibitors and β-carotene quench PCL. The quenching efficiency of electron acceptors is similar to their action on the chlorophyll triplet state. The quenching effect of radical inhibitors and β-carotene correlates with their activity in reaction with singlet oxygen. The effect of quenchers on the chlorophyll fluorescence, photobleaching and pigment sensitized oxygenation was studied. Analysis of experimental data allowed the assumption that chemiluminescence accompanies the decomposition of labile pigment peroxides. The accumulation of peroxides is probably due to the reaction in the complex of pigment and singlet oxygen, formed as a result of energy transfer from photoexcited (triplet) pigment molecules to oxygen. The terminal chemiluminescence emission proceeds from the singlet excited states of molecules of pigments and products of their oxidation.     

On the structure of histidine and its role in enzyme active sites

A structural refinement is proposed for the mechanistic details of the action of the serine proteases. The proposal involves ring flipping of the imidazole function of the histidine side chain as a vehicle for proton transfer. The geometric feasibility of this motion is established by molecular graphics analysis of the crystal structure of-chymotrypsin. It is suggested that the shape of histidine is as important as its pK _a for its function at the active sites of enzymes.     

An ab initio molecular orbital study of Li2O2 and LiO2H

An ab initio molecular orbital study, using a Gaussian basis set, of the geometries of Li₂O₂ and LiO₂H is presented. Consistent with the experimental data available, Li₂O₂ is found to have a rhombic structure; the O-Li-O configuration in LiO₂H is found to form an acute triangle. The bonding in these species is discussed to terms of Mulliken population analyses.     

Conjugation, hybridization, and steric hindrance in relation to bond lengths

Three theories which have been proposed to explain the observed shortening of a single bond when it is adjacent to a double bond are discussed. Possible predictions from these theories are examined, especially for comparison with various quantities measurable by microwave spectroscopy. It is concluded that the steric theory is probably untenable, that some conjugation appears necessary to explain observed barries to internal rotation, and that it is difficult to find testable predictions from the hybridization theory.     

Thermal studies on trans-dichlorotetramminecobalt(III) complexes

Thermal studies have been carried out on trans-[Co(NH₃)₄Cl₂]X · YH₂O complexes (whereX=IO₃, BrO₃, NO₃, or NO₂ andY=0, 1, or 2) in an effort to find cases of trans to cis isomerization as occurs for the iodate. No evidence of isomerization was found for any of the other compounds. The complexes decompose in a series of steps and these reactions have been identified and kinetic parameters determined.