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41.
Pierre-Anton Aichinger Martin Michel Colin Servais Marie-Lise Dillmann Martine Rouvet Nicola D''Amico Ralf Zink Henning Klostermeyer David S. Horne 《Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces》2003,31(1-4):243-255
Fermentation of a reconstituted skim milk concentrate (8% protein) was investigated to elucidate the effects of various fermentation parameters on the structural, rheological and visual (wheying-off) properties of the resulting gels (pH 4.60). Fermentation trials were performed with non-exocellular polysaccharide-producing strains of Streptococcus thermophilus at various fermentation temperatures and at various chymosin levels. Oscillatory vane rheometry carried out on the intact gels (at 4 °C) showed that the level of chymosin had a significant impact on the gel strength (storage modulus G′). This can be explained by the arrangement of casein micelles into more compact aggregates and the enhanced fusion of aggregated casein micelles as revealed by transmission electron microscopy for the gels fermented with chymosin. Wheying-off of the stirred gels as measured by a centrifugation test (at 4 °C) and pore size of the intact gel structures investigated by scanning electron microscopy both increased with increasing level of chymosin and increasing fermentation temperature (resulting in an increase in acidification rate). A higher level of syneresis (wheying-off) is explained by the larger pore size, since larger pores present a lower resistance to the outflow of whey from the gel. 相似文献
42.
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) represents a very simple and rapid method for the extraction of organophosphorus, triazine and 2,6-dinitroaniline pesticides from aqueous samples without making use of any solvents. The same fiber can be used repeatedly. Moreover, a sample volume as small as 3 mL can be employed with no loss in sensitivity. 34 compounds have been extracted from aqueous samples by SPME using a 85 m polyacrylate fiber. For organophosphorus pesticides, a 100 m polydimethylsiloxane fiber has been used additionally for comparison. The fibers were directly introduced into the heated split/splitless injector of the gas chromatograph and determined using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The method was evaluated with respect to the limit of detection (LOD), linearity and precision. The limit of detection (LOD) depends on the compound and varies from 0.005–0.09 g/L. The method is linear over at least three orders of magnitude with coefficients of correlation usually >0.999. For triazines and 2,6-dinitroanilines the coefficient of variation (precision) is <8% while for organophosphorus compounds it may reach values up to 18% (however, if the latter compounds are extracted using the polydimethylsiloxane phase considerably higher precision is achieved). The partitioning of the analyte between the aqueous phase and the polymeric phase depends on the hydrophobicity of the compound as expressed by the octanol/water partitioning coefficient (Pow). For triazines it was shown that there is a linear dependence of the logarithm of the analyte response on the log(Pow) i.e. the higher the hydrophobicity, the higher the affinity of the analytes to the polymeric phase of the fiber and the higher the response. Salt addition has a strong effect on the extraction efficiency. This effect increases with decreasing hydrophobicity (increasing polarity) of the compound. The triazines ametryn, atrazine, propazine, simazine and simetryn have been identified in a ground water well sample by SPMEGC/NPD. 相似文献
43.
D. Grunenberg D. Sommer K. H. Koch 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1995,353(5-8):514-520
For the analysis of surfaces with poor conductivity the use of the direct current sputter process, usual in SNMS, produces unreproducible depth profiles with often widened transition widths. An efficient method for eliminating static charging in the case of non-coducting samples is the use of a high-frequency discharge. By comparison of the direct current mode with high frequency mode it is shown, that the use of SNMS with HF sputtering is the universal analysis method for most matrices, technical surfaces as well as oxidic materials. For non-conducting or poorly conducting samples, however, matrix-adjusted factors are to be used. 相似文献
44.
Continuing the recent work of the second author, we prove that the diophantine equation
for has exactly 12 solutions except when , when it has 16 solutions. If denotes one of the zeros of , then for we also find all with .
45.
The quantum group IGL
q
(N), the inhomogenization of GL
q
(N), is formulated with
-matrices. Theq-deformed universal enveloping algebra is constructed as the algebra of regular functionals in this formulation and contains the partial derivatives of the covariant differential calculus on the quantum space. 相似文献
46.
Franck-Condon factor distributions for bound-to-continuum transitions of one-dimensional vibrational states are calculated
by a) using numerical integration, b) employing a finite number of square integrable harmonic oscillator functions. The methods
are generally applicable to any kind of bound or repulsive potential involved. Results are presented and compared to model
potential calculations previously reported by Krüger [1]. 相似文献
47.
Haiges R Vij A Boatz JA Schneider S Schroer T Gerken M Christe KO 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2004,10(2):508-517
The highly explosive molecules As(N(3))(3) and Sb(N(3))(3) were obtained in pure form by the reactions of the corresponding fluorides with (CH(3))(3)SiN(3) in SO(2) and purification by sublimation. The crystal structures and (14)N NMR, infrared, and Raman spectra were determined, and the results compared to ab initio second-order perturbation theory calculations. Whereas Sb(N(3))(3) possesses a propeller-shaped, pyramidal structure with perfect C(3) symmetry, the As(N(3))(3) molecule is significantly distorted from C(3) symmetry due to crystal packing effects. 相似文献
48.
X-Ray Structural Analyses of Cyclododecasulfur (S12) and Cyclododecasulfur-1-Carbon-disulfide (S12 · CS2) S12 · CS2 crystallizes in space group R&3macr;m–D with hexagonal lattice constants a = 1066.8(3), c = 1155.1(4) pm, Z = 3, dcalc. = 2.04 g · cm?3. The S12 molecules occupy sites of D3d symmetry with bond distance (dss) of 205.4(1) pm, bond angles (α) of 105.80(5) and 106.65(6)º and torsional angle (τ) of 87.20(7)º. The CS2 molecule interacts only very weakly with the S12 units. S12 crystallizes in space group Pnnm–D with lattice constants a = 472.5(2), b = 910.4(3), c = 1453.2(3) pm, Z = 2, dcalc = 2.045 g · cm?3. The molecules with mean parameters d = 205.2 pm, α 106.6º, τ 88.0º occupy sites of C2h symmetry. 相似文献
49.
L. Barcza und L. Sommer 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1963,192(2):304-308
Zusammenfassung Bei dem Nachweis von Selen(IV) mit 3,3-Diaminobenzidin konnte man nach der Extraktion von Piazselenol mit Toluol bei pH 6,0–8,0 die Empfindlichkeit pD 7,3 erreichen. Die Reaktion ist aber auch bei dieser Ausführung nicht so selektiv, wie man bisher angenommen hat. Erst wenn das Selen als Selentetrabromid in Gegenwart von Brom in konzen-trierter Schwefelsäure vor dem Nachweis durch Destillation in einer einfachen Anlage abgetrennt worden ist, wird der Nachweis spezifisch. Die Reaktion ist dann zum Nachweis von Selen bis 2·10–5% in Pyriten und 5·10–7% in technischer Schwefelsäure geeignet.
Wir danken den Herren Professor Dr. E. Schulek und Professor Dr. A. Oka herzlich für Ihr Interesse an dieser Arbeit.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Selens und der Selenverbindungen. VIII. (VII. Mitt.: Acta chim. Acad. Sci. hung., im Druck.) 相似文献
Summary The sensitivity of the known reaction of selenium(IV) with 3,3-diaminobenzidine is pD 7,3, if piazselenole has been extracted by toluene at ph 6,0–8,0. This reaction is not so selective as it has been believed hitherto now. Yet it is specific after a preceding separation of selenium as selentetrabromide in the presence of bromine from conc. sulphuric acid according to a simple procedure. Using a microdestillation apparatus 2·10–5% of selenium in pyrites and 5·10–7% in technical sulphuric acid can be detected.
Wir danken den Herren Professor Dr. E. Schulek und Professor Dr. A. Oka herzlich für Ihr Interesse an dieser Arbeit.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Selens und der Selenverbindungen. VIII. (VII. Mitt.: Acta chim. Acad. Sci. hung., im Druck.) 相似文献
50.