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71.
72.
Valerie Derpmann David Mueller Iustinian Bejan Hannah Sonderfeld Sonja Wilberscheid Ralf Koppmann Klaus J. Brockmann Thorsten Benter 《Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry》2014,25(3):329-342
We report on a novel method for atmospheric pressure ionization of compounds with elevated electron affinity (e.g., nitroaromatic compounds) or gas phase acidity (e.g., phenols), respectively. The method is based on the generation of thermal electrons by the photo-electric effect, followed by electron capture of oxygen when air is the gas matrix yielding O2 – or of the analyte directly with nitrogen as matrix. Charge transfer or proton abstraction by O2 – leads to the ionization of the analytes. The interaction of UV-light with metals is a clean method for the generation of thermal electrons at atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, only negative ions are generated and neutral radical formation is minimized, in contrast to discharge- or dopant assisted methods. Ionization takes place inside the transfer capillary of the mass spectrometer leading to comparably short transfer times of ions to the high vacuum region of the mass spectrometer. This strongly reduces ion transformation processes, resulting in mass spectra that more closely relate to the neutral analyte distribution. cAPECI is thus a soft and selective ionization method with detection limits in the pptV range. In comparison to standard ionization methods (e.g., PTR), cAPECI is superior with respect to both selectivity and achievable detection limits. cAPECI demonstrates to be a promising ionization method for applications in relevant fields as, for example, explosives detection and atmospheric chemistry. Figure
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73.
Formation of “Quasi” Contact or Solvent‐separated Ion Pairs in the Local Environment of Probe Molecules Dissolved in Ionic Liquids 下载免费PDF全文
Matthias Strauch Dr. Christian Roth Falk Kubatzki Prof. Dr. Ralf Ludwig 《Chemphyschem》2014,15(2):265-270
The change from “quasi” contact to “quasi” solvent‐separated ion‐pair configuration in the local environment of a probe molecule in ionic liquids depends on the varying interaction strength of the chosen anions. The ion speciation in these Coulomb fluids could be shown by combining infrared spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and natural bond orbital analysis using a low‐self‐clustering probe molecule. 相似文献
74.
Ion Pairing in Protic Ionic Liquids Probed by Far‐Infrared Spectroscopy: Effects of Solvent Polarity and Temperature 下载免费PDF全文
Dr. Koichi Fumino Verlaine Fossog Peter Stange Kai Wittler Wigbert Polet Prof. Dr. Rolf Hempelmann Prof. Dr. Ralf Ludwig 《Chemphyschem》2014,15(12):2604-2609
The cation–anion and cation–solvent interactions in solutions of the protic ionic liquid (PIL) [Et3NH][I] dissolved in solvents of different polarities are studied by means of far infrared vibrational (FIR) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The dissociation of contact ion pairs (CIPs) and the resulting formation of solvent‐separated ion pairs (SIPs) can be observed and analyzed as a function of solvent concentration, solvent polarity, and temperature. In apolar environments, the CIPs dominate for all solvent concentrations and temperatures. At high concentrations of polar solvents, SIPs are favored over CIPs. For these PIL/solvent mixtures, CIPs are reformed by increasing the temperature due to the reduced polarity of the solvent. Overall, this approach provides equilibrium constants, free energies, enthalpies, and entropies for ion‐pair formation in trialkylammonium‐containing PILs. These results have important implications for the understanding of solvation chemistry and the reactivity of ionic liquids. 相似文献
75.
Stephan Ludwig Dr. Kai Helmdach Mareike Hüttenschmidt Elisabeth Oberem Dr. Jabor Rabeah Dr. Alexander Villinger Prof. Dr. Ralf Ludwig Prof. Dr. Wolfram W. Seidel 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,26(70):16811-16817
A pair of diastereomeric dinuclear complexes, [Tp′(CO)BrW{μ-η2-C,C′-κ2-S,P-C2(PPh2)S}Ru(η5-C5H5)(PPh3)], in which W and Ru are bridged by a phosphinyl(thiolato)alkyne in a side-on carbon P,S-chelate coordination mode, were synthesized, separated and fully characterized. Even though the isomers are similar in their spectroscopic properties and redox potentials, the like-isomer is oxidized at W while the unlike-isomer is oxidized at Ru, which is proven by IR, NIR and EPR-spectroscopy supported by spectro-electrochemistry and computational methods. The second oxidation of the complexes was shown to take place at the metal left unaffected in the first redox step. Finally, the tipping point could be realized in the unlike isomer of the electronically tuned thiophenolate congener [Tp′(CO)(PhS)W{μ-η2-C,C′-κ2-S,P-C2(PPh2)S}Ru(η5-C5H5)-(PPh3)], in which valence trapped WIII/RuII and WII/RuIII cationic species are at equilibrium. 相似文献
76.
77.
Long Yang Ralf Steinbock Alexej Scheremetjew Rositha Kuniyil Lars H. Finger Antonis M. Messinis Lutz Ackermann 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2020,59(27):11130-11135
A ruthenium‐catalyzed electrochemical dehydrogenative annulation reaction of imidazoles with alkynes has been established, enabling the preparation of various bridgehead N‐fused [5,6]‐bicyclic heteroarenes through regioselective electrochemical C?H/N?H annulation without chemical metal oxidants. Novel azaruthenabicyclo[3.2.0]heptadienes were fully characterized and identified as key intermediates. Mechanistic studies are suggestive of an oxidatively induced reductive elimination pathway within a ruthenium(II/III) regime. 相似文献
78.
Haojie Zhang Dirk J. Hagen Xiaopeng Li Andreas Graff Frank Heyroth Bodo Fuhrmann Ilya Kostanovskiy Stefan L. Schweizer Francesco Caddeo A. Wouter Maijenburg Stuart Parkin Ralf B. Wehrspohn 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2020,59(39):17172-17176
Transition‐metal phosphides (TMP) prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) are reported for the first time. Ultrathin Co‐P films were deposited by using PH3 plasma as the phosphorus source and an extra H2 plasma step to remove excess P in the growing films. The optimized ALD process proceeded by self‐limited layer‐by‐layer growth, and the deposited Co‐P films were highly pure and smooth. The Co‐P films deposited via ALD exhibited better electrochemical and photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities than similar Co‐P films prepared by the traditional post‐phosphorization method. Moreover, the deposition of ultrathin Co‐P films on periodic trenches was demonstrated, which highlights the broad and promising potential application of this ALD process for a conformal coating of TMP films on complex three‐dimensional (3D) architectures. 相似文献
79.
Dr. Santosh K. Singh Jesse La Jeunesse Vasant Vuppuluri Prof. Steven F. Son Dr. Bing-Jian Sun Mr. Yue-Lin Chen Prof. Agnes H. H. Chang Prof. Alexander M. Mebel Prof. Dr. Ralf I. Kaiser 《Chemphyschem》2020,21(9):837-842
Understanding of the fundamental mechanisms involved in the decomposition of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) still represents a major challenge for the energetic materials and physical (organic) chemistry communities mainly because multiple competing dissociation channels are likely involved and previous detection methods of the products are not isomer selective. In this study we exploited a microsecond pulsed infrared laser to decompose thin RDX films at 5 K under mild conditions to limit the fragmentation channels. The subliming decomposition products during the temperature programed desorption phase are detected using isomer selective single photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-ReTOF-MS). This technique enables us to assign a product signal at m/z=42 to ketene (H2CCO), but not to diazomethane (H2CNN; 42 amu) as speculated previously. Electronic structure calculations support our experimental observations and unravel the decomposition mechanisms of RDX leading eventually to the elusive ketene (H2CCO) via an exotic, four-membered ring intermediate. This study highlights the necessity to exploit isomer-selective detection schemes to probe the true decomposition products of nitramine-based energetic materials. 相似文献
80.
Zhenghai Yang Chao He Srinivas Doddipatla Vladislav S. Krasnoukhov Prof. Valeriy N. Azyazov Prof. Alexander M. Mebel Prof. Ralf I. Kaiser 《Chemphyschem》2020,21(17):1898-1904
The methylgermylene species (HGeCH3; X1A′) has been synthesized via the bimolecular gas phase reaction of ground state methylidyne radicals (CH) with germane (GeH4) under single collision conditions in crossed molecular beams experiments. Augmented by electronic structure calculations, this elementary reaction was found to proceed through barrierless insertion of the methylidyne radical in one of the four germanium-hydrogen bonds on the doublet potential energy surface yielding the germylmethyl (CH2GeH3; X2A′) collision complex. This insertion is followed by a hydrogen shift from germanium to carbon and unimolecular decomposition of the methylgermyl (GeH2CH3; X2A′) intermediate by atomic hydrogen elimination leading to singlet methylgermylene (HGeCH3; X1A′). Our investigation provides a glimpse at the largely unknown reaction dynamics and isomerization processes of the carbon-germanium system, which are quite distinct from those of the isovalent carbon system thus providing insights into the intriguing chemical bonding of organo germanium species on the most fundamental, microscopic level. 相似文献