全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2985篇 |
免费 | 114篇 |
国内免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2203篇 |
晶体学 | 7篇 |
力学 | 62篇 |
数学 | 463篇 |
物理学 | 369篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 26篇 |
2021年 | 19篇 |
2020年 | 43篇 |
2019年 | 45篇 |
2018年 | 29篇 |
2017年 | 26篇 |
2016年 | 71篇 |
2015年 | 64篇 |
2014年 | 91篇 |
2013年 | 123篇 |
2012年 | 138篇 |
2011年 | 183篇 |
2010年 | 93篇 |
2009年 | 79篇 |
2008年 | 138篇 |
2007年 | 156篇 |
2006年 | 140篇 |
2005年 | 146篇 |
2004年 | 139篇 |
2003年 | 93篇 |
2002年 | 95篇 |
2001年 | 59篇 |
2000年 | 49篇 |
1999年 | 56篇 |
1998年 | 44篇 |
1997年 | 62篇 |
1996年 | 54篇 |
1995年 | 35篇 |
1994年 | 48篇 |
1993年 | 43篇 |
1992年 | 27篇 |
1991年 | 31篇 |
1990年 | 29篇 |
1989年 | 31篇 |
1988年 | 30篇 |
1987年 | 31篇 |
1986年 | 42篇 |
1985年 | 47篇 |
1984年 | 50篇 |
1983年 | 40篇 |
1982年 | 46篇 |
1981年 | 26篇 |
1980年 | 37篇 |
1979年 | 37篇 |
1978年 | 29篇 |
1977年 | 34篇 |
1976年 | 24篇 |
1973年 | 16篇 |
1972年 | 19篇 |
1971年 | 16篇 |
排序方式: 共有3104条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
Three valency models for orthorhombic La2-x
Sr
x
CuO4 were investigated for increasing Sr concentrationsx (0x0.21): 1. Cu2+Cu3+, 2. apex O2–O– and 3. in-plane O2–O–. All calculations were done by using structural parameters valid for the temperature range from 10 to 22 K. We thereby calculated the electrostatic interaction energy which, next to ionization potentials and electron affinities, comprises a major of the binding energyE
B
of crystals. Second-order effects were accounted for by calculating the strength of ionic dipole moments induced by crystal electric fields at relevant lattice sites. Their largest strengths are comparable to the dipole moment of the water molecule. Three out of five dipoles in La2-x
Sr
x
CuO4 vanish during the transition from the orthorhombic to the tetragonal phase. The binding energy differences between the different models suggest that the system is in a state of model 1. However, the differences are very small, being in the order of 0.3 to 0.76 eV atx=0.13. 相似文献
52.
The distribution of the likelihood ratio for mixtures of densities from the one-parameter exponential family 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Dankmar Böhning Ekkehart Dietz Rainer Schaub Peter Schlattmann Bruce G. Lindsay 《Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics》1994,46(2):373-388
We here consider testing the hypothesis ofhomogeneity against the alternative of a two-component mixture of densities. The paper focuses on the asymptotic null distribution of 2 log
n
, where
n
is the likelihood ratio statistic. The main result, obtained by simulation, is that its limiting distribution appears pivotal (in the sense of constant percentiles over the unknown parameter), but model specific (differs if the model is changed from Poisson to normal, say), and is not at all well approximated by the conventional
(2)
2
-distribution obtained by counting parameters. In Section 3, the binomial with sample size parameter 2 is considered. Via a simple geometric characterization the case for which the likelihood ratio is 1 can easily be identified and the corresponding probability is found. Closed form expressions for the likelihood ratio
n
are possible and the asymptotic distribution of 2 log
n
is shown to be the mixture giving equal weights to the one point distribution with all its mass equal to zero and the 2-distribution with 1 degree of freedom. A similar result is reached in Section 4 for the Poisson with a small parameter value (0.1), although the geometric characterization is different. In Section 5 we consider the Poisson case in full generality. There is still a positive asymptotic probability that the likelihood ratio is 1. The upper precentiles of the null distribution of 2 log
n
are found by simulation for various populations and shown to be nearly independent of the population parameter, and approximately equal to the (1–2)100 percentiles of
(1)
2
. In Sections 6 and 7, we close with a study of two continuous densities, theexponential and thenormal with known variance. In these models the asymptotic distribution of 2 log
n
is pivotal. Selected (1–) 100 percentiles are presented and shown to differ between the two models. 相似文献
53.
In the present paper, we discuss spectral properties of a periodic Schrödinger operator which is perturbed by randomly distributed impurities; such operators occur as simple models for crystals (or semi-conductors) with impurities. While the spectrum itself is independent of the concentrationp of impurities, for 0<p<1, we focus our attention on the limiting behavior of the integrated density of states
p
of the random Schrödinger operator, inside a spectral gap of the periodic operator, asp0. Denoting byU
0 the set of eigenvalues (in the gap) of the reference problem having precisely one impurity (located at the origin, say), we show that the integrated density of states concentrates around the points ofU
0, in the sense that
p
(U
) is of orderp, for any fixed -neighborhoodU
ofU
0, while
p
(K)C·p
2, for any compact subsetK of the gap which does not intersectU
.Research partially supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 相似文献
54.
55.
On noise reduction methods for chaotic data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recently proposed noise reduction methods for nonlinear chaotic time sequences with additive noise are analyzed and generalized. All these methods have in common that they work iteratively, and that in each step of the iteration the noise is suppressed by requiring locally linear relations among the delay coordinates, i.e., by moving the delay vectors towards some smooth manifold. The different methods can be compared unambiguously in the case of strictly hyperbolic systems corrupted by measurement noise of infinitesimally low level. It was found that all proposed methods converge in this ideal case, but not equally fast. Different problems arise if the system is not hyperbolic, and at higher noise levels. A new scheme which seems to avoid most of these problems is proposed and tested, and seems to give the best noise reduction so far. Moreover, large improvements are possible within the new scheme and the previous schemes if their parameters are not kept fixed during the iteration, and if corrections are included which take into account the curvature of the attracting manifold. Finally, the fact that comparison with simple low-pass filters tends to overestimate the relative achievements of these nonlinear noise reduction schemes is stressed, and it is suggested that they should be compared to Wiener-type filters. 相似文献
56.
Choquet expected utility which uses capacities (i.e. nonadditive probability measures) in place of-additive probability measures has been introduced to decision making under uncertainty to cope with observed effects of ambiguity aversion like the Ellsberg paradox. In this paper we present necessary and sufficient conditions for stochastic dominance between capacities (i.e. the expected utility with respect to one capacity exceeds that with respect to the other one for a given class of utility functions). One wide class of conditions refers to probability inequalities on certain families of sets. To yield another general class of conditions we present sufficient conditions for the existence of a probability measureP with f dC= f dP for all increasing functionsf whenC is a given capacity. Examples includen-th degree stochastic dominance on the reals and many cases of so-called set dominance. Finally, applications to decision making are given including anticipated utility with unknown distortion function. 相似文献
57.
Rainer Streubel 《Coordination chemistry reviews》2002,227(2):175-192
In this review, important aspects of λ3-2H-azaphosphirene metal complexes are discussed in relation to synthesis, physical properties and synthetic applications; ab-initio calculations on relative energies of CH2NP isomers and of λ3-2H-azaphosphirene metal complexes (Cr, Mo, W) are also presented. Currently, there are three routes to this unsaturated three-membered ring system, which are discussed in detail: two of them use a rearrangement of metal carbene complexes, whereas the other relies on [2+1] cycloaddition reactions of electrophilic terminal phosphanediyl complexes and carbonitriles. The structural data show characteristics of a very strained heterocyclic ring system, which partially helps to understand the reactivity of this heterocycle complex in solution. The synthetic potential of λ3-2H-azaphosphirene metal complexes is illustrated by selected examples, which demonstrate their ability to serve, under very mild conditions as precursor for various new building blocks, i.e. nitrilium phosphanylide complexes, electrophilic terminal phosphanediyl complexes and phosphavinyl-nitrene complexes. 相似文献
58.
59.
Dirk JohrendtGunter Kotzyba Henning TrillBernd D. Mosel Hellmut EckertThomas Fickenscher Rainer Pöttgen† 《Journal of solid state chemistry》2002,164(2):201-209
Single-phase samples of REAgMg (RE=La, Ce, Eu, Yb) and EuAuMg were prepared by reacting the elements in sealed tantalum tubes in a high-frequency furnace. LaAgMg and CeAgMg adopt the hexagonal ZrNiAl-type structure, while EuAgMg, YbAgMg, and EuAuMg crystallize with the orthorhombic TiNiSi type. Chemical bonding was exemplarily investigatedfor EuAgMg and EuAuMg on the basis of TB-LMTO-ASAcalculations. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicatePauli paramagnetism for LaAgMg and YbAgMg with room-temperature susceptibilities of 2.4(1)×10−9 and 1.5(1)×10−9 m3/mol, respectively. CeAgMg remains paramagnetic down to 2 K. The experimental magnetic moment of 2.52(2) μB/Ce above 50 K is compatible with trivalent cerium. EuAgMg and EuAuMg are paramagnetic above 50 K with experimentalmagnetic moments of 7.99(5) μB/Eu for the silver and 7.80(5) μB/Eu for the gold compound, indicating divalent europium. Ferromagnetic ordering is detected at TC=22.0(3) K (EuAgMg) and TC=36.5(5) K (EuAuMg). At 4.2 K and 5 T the saturation magnetizations are 7.1(1) and 7.3(1) μB/Eu for EuAgMg and EuAuMg, respectively. According to the very small hysteresis, EuAgMg and EuAuMg may be classified as soft ferromagnets. All compounds are metallic conductors. For EuAgMg and EuAuMg freezing of spin-disorder scattering is observed below TC. At 78 K 151Eu Mössbauer spectra show isomer shifts of −9.00(4) and −8.72(8) mm/s for EuAgMg and EuAuMg, respectively. Full magnetic hyperfine field splitting is detected at 4.2 K with hyperfine fields of 17.4(1) and 18.3(2) T at the europium nuclei of EuAgMg and EuAuMg. 相似文献
60.